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Observational Evidence from Supernovae for an Accelerating Universe and a Cosmological Constant
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We present spectral and photometric observations of 10 Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) in the redshift range 0.16 ≤ z ≤ 0.62. The luminosity distances of these objects are determined by methods that employ relations between SN Ia luminosity and light curve shape. Combined with previous data from our High- z Supernova Search Team and recent results by Riess et al., this expanded set of 16 high-redshift supernovae and a set of 34 nearby supernovae are used to place constraints on the following cosmological parameters: the Hubble constant ( H 0 ), the mass density (Ω M ), the cosmological constant (i.e., the vacuum energy density, Ω Λ ), the deceleration parameter ( q 0 ), and the dynamical age of the universe ( t 0 ). The distances of the high-redshift SNe Ia are, on average, 10%–15% farther than expected in a low mass density (Ω M = 0.2) universe without a cosmological constant. Different light curve fitting methods, SN Ia subsamples, and prior constraints unanimously favor eternally expanding models with positive cosmological constant (i.e., Ω Λ > 0) and a current acceleration of the expansion (i.e., q 0 < 0). With no prior constraint on mass density other than Ω M ≥ 0, the spectroscopically confirmed SNe Ia are statistically consistent with q 0 < 0 at the 2.8 σ and 3.9 σ confidence levels, and with Ω Λ > 0 at the 3.0 σ and 4.0 σ confidence levels, for two different fitting methods, respectively. Fixing a "minimal" mass density, Ω M = 0.2, results in the weakest detection, Ω Λ > 0 at the 3.0 σ confidence level from one of the two methods. For a flat universe prior (Ω M + Ω Λ = 1), the spectroscopically confirmed SNe Ia require Ω Λ > 0 at 7 σ and 9 σ formal statistical significance for the two different fitting methods. A universe closed by ordinary matter (i.e., Ω M = 1) is formally ruled out at the 7 σ to 8 σ confidence level for the two different fitting methods. We estimate the dynamical age of the universe to be 14.2 ± 1.7 Gyr including systematic uncertainties in the current Cepheid distance scale. We estimate the likely effect of several sources of systematic error, including progenitor and metallicity evolution, extinction, sample selection bias, local perturbations in the expansion rate, gravitational lensing, and sample contamination. Presently, none of these effects appear to reconcile the data with Ω Λ = 0 and q 0 ≥ 0.
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“the dark energy (DE) [6,7] component, introduced to explain the current stage of accelerated expansion, in the standard model is the cosmological constant term Λ, without any strong physical basis.”
From Challenges of the Standard Cosmological Model (2022) · cites this paper as [6]
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“A mechanism for such an instability may be provided by the small positive cosmological constant that has apparently been discovered [16, 17, 18].”
From Spontaneous inflation and the origin of the arrow of time (2004) · cites this paper as [16]
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“Two decades ago, two independent groups using supernova measurements found that the universe’s expansion is speeding up rather than slowing down (Riess et al. 1998; Perlmutter et al. 1999).”
From Testing general relativity in cosmology (2019) · cites this paper as Riess et al. 1998
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“One of the first compelling evidences for cosmic acceleration came from Supernovae type Ia (SN Ia) observations (Riess et al. 1998; Perlmutter et al. 1999).”
From Testing general relativity in cosmology (2019) · cites this paper as Riess et al. 1998
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“In the presence of a small positive vacuum energy (such as seems to exist in our universe [16, 17, 18]), systems will tend to initially empty out to an approximate de Sitter vacuum.”
From Spontaneous inflation and the origin of the arrow of time (2004) · cites this paper as [16]
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“SNe Ia provided the fi rst robust evidence that the expansion of the universe is accelerating”
From LSST: From Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products (2019) · cites this paper as Riess et al. 1998
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Metadata
- Authors
- Riess, A. G., Filippenko, A. V., Challis, P., Clocchiatti, A., Diercks, A., Garnavich, P. M., Gilliland, R. L., Hogan, C. J., Jha, S., Kirshner, R. P., Leibundgut, B., Phillips, M. M., Reiss, D., Schmidt, B. P., Schommer, R. A., Smith, R. C., Spyromilio, J., Stubbs, C., Suntzeff, N. B., & Tonry, J.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian (US)
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (CL)
- University of Washington (US)
- Space Telescope Science Institute (US)
- European Southern Observatory (DE)
- Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (US)
- Mount Stromlo Observatory (AU)
- University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Astronomical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 1998-09
- Volume
- 116
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1009-1038
- ISSN
- 0004-6256 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2073832139
- Cited by
- 19,704
- References
- 112
- Citations by year
- 2026: 853 · 2025: 1184 · 2024: 1169 · 2023: 1055 · 2022: 906 · 2021: 920 · 2020: 924 · 2019: 928 · 2018: 799 · 2017: 807 · 2016: 906 · 2015: 816 · 2014: 794 · 2013: 925 · 2012: 843
- FWCI
- 178.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Astronomical Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
- Keywords
- Type Ia supernovae, cosmic acceleration, cosmological constant, deceleration parameter, Hubble constant, mass density, luminosity distance, light curve fitting, high-redshift supernovae, flat universe, vacuum energy density, cosmological constraints, systematic uncertainties
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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