A Robust Determination of the Time Delay in 0957+561A, B and a Measurement of the Global Value of Hubble's Constant
Open accessAbstract
Continued photometric monitoring of the gravitational lens system 0957+561A, B in the g and r bands with the Apache Point Observatory (APO) 3.5 m telescope during 1996 shows a sharp g -band event in the trailing (B) image light curve at the precise time predicted in an earlier paper. The prediction was based on the observation of the event during 1995 in the leading (A) image and on a differential time delay of 415 days. This success confirms the so-called short delay, and the absence of any such feature at a delay near 540 days rejects the "long delay" for this system, thus resolving a long-standing controversy. A series of statistical analyses of our light-curve data yield a best-fit delay of 417 ± 3 days (95% confidence interval) and demonstrate that this result is quite robust against variations in the analysis technique, data subsamples, and assumed parametric relationship of the two light curves. Recent improvements in the modeling of the lens system (consisting of a galaxy plus a galaxy cluster) allow us to derive a value of the global value (at z = 0.36) of Hubble's constant H 0 using Refsdal's method, a simple and direct (single-step) distance determination based on experimentally verified and securely understood physics and geometry. The result is H 0 = 64 ± 13 km s -1 Mpc -1 (for Ω = 1), where this 95% confidence interval is dominantly due to remaining lens model uncertainties. However, it is reassuring that available observations of the lensing mass distribution overconstrain the model and thus provide an internal consistency check on its validity. W e argue that this determination of the extragalactic distance scale (10% accurate at 1 σ) is now of comparable quality, in terms of both statistical and systematic uncertainties, to those based on more conventional techniques. Finally, we briefly discuss the prospects for improved H 0 determinations using gravitational lenses, and some other possible implications and uses of the 0957+561A, B light curves.
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Time delays for quasars multiply lensed by clusters as a function of redshift are an independent test of dark energy.
“Time delays for quasars multiply lensed by clusters as a function of redshift are an independent test of dark energy ( Kundi ć et al. 1997 ) .”
From LSST: From Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products (2019) · cites this paper as Kundić et al. 1997
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
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“Time delays for quasars multiply lensed by clusters as a function of redshift are an independent test of dark energy (Kundić et al. 1997).”
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Gott, J. R., III, Jurić, M., Schlegel, D., Hoyle, F., Vogeley, M., Tegmark, M., Bahcall, N., & Brinkmann, J. (2005) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/428890 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
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“By the end of the millennium the number of known strongly lensed systems was in double digits (Courbin et al. 2002), and the first truly robust time delays were measured (Kundic et al. 1997; Schechter et al. 1997).”
BackgroundSchneider, P., & Sluse, D. (2013) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321882 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
“Immediately after the discovery of the first gravitational lens system (Walsh et al. 1979), the flux variations of its two compact components were monitored, and a firm measurement of the time delay was obtained in 1997 (Kundic et al. 1997), with sub-percent accuracy.”
MethodHubble Space TelescopeObservations of 10 Two‐Image Gravitational Lenses
Lehár, J., Falco, E. E., Kochanek, C. S., McLeod, B. A., Munoz, J. A., Impey, C. D., Rix, H. ‐., Keeton, C. R., & Peng, C. Y. (2000) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/308963 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
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“The best available QSO optical light curve, in terms of sampling rate, data volume and photometric accuracy, was obtained by Kundić et al. (1995, 1997) for the gravitational lens system 0957+561A,B.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationTidal Effects in Clusters of Galaxies
Gnedin, O. Y. (2003) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/344636 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
“…1, H0tðzÞ ¼ 2 3ð1 0Þ1=2 ln 1þ ð1þ f Þ1=2 f 1=2 ; f 0 1 0 ð1þ zÞ3 : ð6Þ The Hubble constant is assumed to be H0 ¼ 65 km s 1 Mpc 1 (h ¼ 0:65), according to the time delay measurements in the gravitational lens system 0957+561 (Kundić et al. 1997) and other independent methods (Freedman et al. 1994).”
What Do Gravitational Lens Time Delays Measure?
Kochanek, C. S. (2002) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/342476 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
“We consider RX J0911+0551 (Hjorth et al. 2002), Q0957+561 (Schild & Thomson 1997; Kundic et al. 1997; Bernstein et al. 1997; Keeton et al. 2000), PG 1115+80 (Schechter et al. 1997; Barkana 1997; Impey et al. 1998), SBS 1520+530 (Burud 2002b; Faure et al. 2002), B1600+434 (Burud et al. 2000;…”
Oguri, M. (2007) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/513093 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Strong gravitational lensing of explosive transients
Oguri, M. (2019) · Reports on Progress in Physics · doi:10.1088/1361-6633/ab4fc5 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
“Indeed the time delay for the first gravitationally lensed quasar Q0957+561 is measured to be 417 d [45], and subsequently time delays have been measured for more than 20 quasar lens systems [46–48].”
BackgroundFassnacht, C. D., Xanthopoulos, E., Koopmans, L. V. E., & Rusin, D. (2002) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/344368 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
“To date, measurements of time delays have been reported in the literature for 11 lens systems: 0957+561 (Kundić et al. 1995, 1997c), PG 1115+080 (Schechter et al. 1997; Barkana 1997), JVAS B0218+357 (Biggs et al. 1999; Cohen et al. 2000), PKS 1830 211 (Lovell et al. 1998; Wiklind & Combes 2001),…”
BackgroundMethodGaussian Process Regression for Astronomical Time Series
Aigrain, S., & Foreman-Mackey, D. T. (2023) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-052920-103508 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Time delay for the gravitational lens system B0218+357
Biggs, A. D., Browne, I. W. A., Helbig, P., Koopmans, L. V. E., Wilkinson, P. N., & Perley, R. A. (1999) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02309.x · Cited by 154 · see citing works
“The above value is consistent with those found from other lens systems, e.g. B0957+561 (Kundić et al. 1997), B1608+656 (Fassnacht et al., Koopmans & Fassnacht, in preparation) and PKS 1830-211 (Lovell et al. 1998) all of which lie within the range of approximately 60– 70 km s−1 Mpc−1.”
MethodResultThe Hubble Constant from the Gravitational Lens B1608+6561
Koopmans, L. V. E., Treu, T., Fassnacht, C. D., Blandford, R. D., & Surpi, G. C. (2003) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/379226 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
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Tewes, M., Courbin, F., Meylan, G. L., Kochanek, C. S., Eulaers, E., Cantale, N., Mosquera, A. M., Magain, P., Winckel, H. V., Sluse, D., et al. (2013) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220352 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
“The first time delay measurements were quite controversial (Vanderriest et al. 1989; Press et al. 1992; Schild & Thomson 1997; Kundic et al. 1997).”
BackgroundThe Time Delay in the Gravitational Lens PKS 1830−211
Lovell, J. E. J., Jauncey, D. L., Reynolds, J. E., III, Wieringa, M. H., King, E. A., Tzioumis, A. K., McCulloch, P. M., & Edwards, P. G. (1998) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/311723 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“This method has been shown to be successful for 09571561, which has a relatively large time delay of days (Kundić et al. 1997).”
MethodThe Importance of Einstein Rings
Kochanek, C. S., Keeton, C. R., & McLeod, B. A. (2001) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/318350 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
“It consists of four images of a quasarz s \ 1.72 lensed by a early-type galaxy in a small groupz l \ 0.31 (Tonry 1998 ; Kundic et al. 1997a).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCOSMOGRAIL: the COSmological MOnitoring of GRAvItational Lenses
Tewes, M., Courbin, F., & Meylan, G. L. (2013) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220123 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
“The debate was closed by Kundic et al. (1997) using additional photometric measurements, as opposed to refined methods.”
MethodГинзбург, В. Л. (1999) · Physics-Uspekhi · doi:10.1070/pu1999v042n04abeh000562 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Variability in active galactic nuclei: confrontation of models with observations
Hawkins, M. R. S. (2002) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.04939.x · Cited by 128 · see citing works
“4 of Kundić et al. (1997).”
InfluentialCan the Universe create itself?
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Self-citationCollier, S. J., Horne, K., Wanders, I., & Peterson, B. M. (1999) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02250.x · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“For comparison, the direct method utilizing gravitational lenses give, for example, Hubble constant estimates of H0 = 42 ± 6 kms−1 Mpc−1 (Schecter et al. 1997), H0 = 53 +10 −7 kms −1 Mpc−1 (Courbin et al. 1997), and H0 = 64 ± 13 kms−1 Mpc−1 (Kundic et al. 1997).”
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DEJA VU ALL OVER AGAIN: THE REAPPEARANCE OF SUPERNOVA REFSDAL
Kelly, P. L., Rodney, S. A., Treu, T., Strolger, L.-G., Foley, R. J., Jha, S. W., Selsing, J., Brammer, G., Bradač, M., Cenko, S. B., et al. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8205/819/1/l8 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“Although strongly lensed SN have eluded detection for 50 years, the discovery of multiply imaged quasars beginning in 1979 (Walsh et al. 1979) has made it possible to measure time delays for more than 20 systems (see, e.g., Kundic et al. 1997; Fassnacht et al. 1999; Tewes et al. 2013).”
BackgroundAn Infrared Einstein Ring in the Gravitational Lens PG 1115+080
Impey, C. D., Falco, E. E., Kochanek, C. S., Lehár, J., McLeod, B. A., Rix, H. ‐., Peng, C. Y., & Keeton, C. R. (1998) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/306521 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“The redshift of the lens galaxy was determined by Angonin-Willaime, Hammer & Rigaut (1993) and confirmed by Kundić et al. (1997) and Tonry (1998) to be zl = 0.310.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialVandenBerg, D. A., Richard, O., Michaud, G., & Richer, J. (2002) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/339895 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“…have found from Type Ia supernovae (e.g., Suntzeff et al. 1999; Saha et al. 1999; Jha et al. 1999) and a whole host of other methods (see, e.g., Kundić et al. 1997; Keeton & Kochanek 1997; Hughes & Birkinshaw 1998; Paturel et al. 1998; and especially Sandage 1999 and references therein) that…”
MethodMicrolensing makes lensed quasar time delays significantly time variable
Tie, S. S., & Kochanek, C. S. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx2348 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“Dating from the attempts to measure gravitational lens time delays in the very first lens, Q 0957+561 (Walsh et al. 1979), time delay measurements have produced controversy (e.g., Schild (1990) versus Press et al. (1992), resolved in favor of the former by Kundić et al. (1997)).”
BackgroundTime delay for the gravitational lens system B0218+357
Biggs, A. D., Browne, I. W. A., Helbig, P., Koopmans, L. V. E., Wilkinson, P. N., & Perley, R. A. (1999) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Jackson, N. J. (2007) · Living Reviews in Relativity · doi:10.12942/lrr-2007-4 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“This turned out to be a long process involving a dispute between proponents of a ∼ 400−day and a ∼ 550−day delay, and ended with a determination of 417 ± 2 days [84, 136].”
HE 0435-1223: A wide separation quadruple QSO and gravitational lens
Wisotzki, L., Schechter, P. L., Bradt, H. V. D., Heinmüller, J., & Reimers, D. (2002) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20021213 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Fassnacht, C. D., Pearson, T. J., Readhead, A. C. S., Browne, I. W. A., Koopmans, L. V. E., Myers, S. T., & Wilkinson, P. N. (1999) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/308118 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“In fact, an unambiguous time delay has only recently been measured in 0957+561 in spite of over ten years of intensive monitoring (Kundić et al. 1995; Kundić et al. 1997; Oscoz et al. 1997; Haarsma et al. 1999).”
BackgroundResultOguri, M., & Kawano, Y. (2003) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06290.x · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“…measured with high accuracy (of order of one hour), in marked contrast with usual quasar lensing for which time delay measurement is quite difficult (e.g., Kundic et al. 1997); (2) since SNe are transient phenomena, it is easier to observe lensed host galaxies of SNe after SNe are faded away.”
Cusped Mass Models of Gravitational Lenses
Muñoz, J. A., Kochanek, C. S., & Keeton, C. R. (2001) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/322314 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“…et al. 2000, Cohn et al. 2001) and the Hubble constant from measurements of the time delays between the lensed images (e.g. Grogin & Narayan 1996, Kundic et al. 1997, Schechter et al. 1997, Keeton & Kochanek 1997, Impey et al. 1998, Chae 1999, Barkana et al. 1999, Koopmans & Fassnacht 1999,…”
BackgroundPixelated Lenses and [ITAL]H[/ITAL][TINF]0[/TINF] from Time-Delay Quasars
Williams, L. L. R., & Saha, P. (2000) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/301234 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Analytic Time Delays andH0Estimates for Gravitational Lenses
Witt, H. J., Mao, S., & Keeton, C. R. (2000) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/317201 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Koopmans, L. V. E., & Fassnacht, C. D. (1999) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/308120 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
The Rewards of Patience: An 822 Day Time Delay in the Gravitational Lens SDSS J1004+4112
Fohlmeister, J., Kochanek, C. S., Falco, E. E., Morgan, C. W., & Wambsganß, J. (2008) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/528789 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“We note that this is nearly twice the longest previously measured delay (the 417 day delay in Q0957+561 (Schild & Thomson 1995; Kundic et al. 1997)).”
BackgroundOverconstrained gravitational lens models and the Hubble constant
Kochanek, C. S. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa344 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Gravitational Lensing of Distant Supernovae in Cold Dark Matter Universes
Porciani, C., & Madau, P. (2000) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/308587 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“…include detailed models of specific lens systems such as multiple quasars (e.g., Falco, Gorenstein, & Shapiro 1991; Grogin & Narayan 1996; Kundic et al. 1997), arcs (Lynds & Petrosian 1989; Tyson & Fisher 1995; Tyson, Kochanski, & Dell’ Antonio 1998), and radio rings (Kochanek et al.…”
BackgroundStrong lensing time-delay cosmography in the 2020s
Treu, T., Suyu, S. H., & Marshall, P. J. (2022) · The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review · doi:10.1007/s00159-022-00145-y · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“Detection of lensed quasars and monitoring of their light curves continued in the eighties and nineties, culminating in the first robust time-delay measurements (Kundic et al. 1997; Schechter et al. 1997).”
BackgroundBirrer, S., Millon, M., Sluse, D., Shajib, A. J., Courbin, F., Erickson, S., Koopmans, L. V. E., Suyu, S. H., & Treu, T. (2024) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-024-01079-w · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“…allowed us to acquire accurate and well-sampled light curves, which yielded the first robust time-delay measurements from optical monitoring (e.g., Kundi´c et al., 1997a; Schechter et al., 1997; Burud et al., 2000, 2002; 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017…”
An Optical Time Delay Estimate for the Double Gravitational Lens System B1600+434
Burud, I., Hjorth, J., Jaunsen, A. O., Andersen, M. I., Korhonen, H., Clasen, J. W., Pelt, J., Pijpers, F. P., Magain, P., & Østensen, R. H. (2000) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/317213 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“Following a more than decade-long monitoring of the double QSO 0957+561 by Schild and coworkers (Schild 1990; Schild & Thomson 1995), Schild & Thomson (1997) and Kundi´c et al. (1997) succeeded in pinning down its time delay in 1997.”
InfluentialThe Hubble Time Inferred from 10 Time Delay Lenses
Saha, P., Coles, J., Macciò, A. V., & Williams, L. L. R. (2006) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/507583 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“To appreciate how serious this modeldependence is, compare the models of B0957+561 by Kundić et al. (1997) and Bernstein & Fischer (1999): the results are H0 = 64 ± 13 and 77+29−24 km s−1 Mpc−1 respectively, both at 95% confidence; the more general models in the latter paper yield larger…”
ResultAUTOMATED DETECTION OF GALAXY-SCALE GRAVITATIONAL LENSES IN HIGH-RESOLUTION IMAGING DATA
Marshall, P. J., Hogg, D. W., Moustakas, L. A., Fassnacht, C. D., Bradač, M., Schrabback, T., & Blandford, R. D. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/694/2/924 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Turner, M. S., & Tyson, T. (1999) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.71.s145 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“Thanks to a recent flare, an accurate time delay between the two images of the gravitationally lensed quasar Q0957+561 has been reliably determined, but the lens itself must be mapped before H0 is precisely determined (Kundic et al. , 1997).”
BackgroundJackson, N. J. (2015) · Living Reviews in Relativity · doi:10.1007/lrr-2015-2 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“8 (BC) also others [41] SBS 0909+532 45 −11 (2σ) [229] RX 0911+0551 146± 4 [86] FBQ 0951+2635 16± 2 [103] Q 0957+561 417± 3 [121] SDSS 1001+5027 119.”
BackgroundAnalysis of Time Delays in the Gravitational Lens PG 1115+080
Barkana, R. (1997) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/304766 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Keck Spectroscopy of Three Gravitational Lens Systems Discovered in the JVAS and CLASS Surveys
Fassnacht, C. D., & Cohen, J. G. (1998) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/300219 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“Time delays have been measured for two lens systems to date: 0957+561 (Kundić et al. 1995; Kundić et al. 1997a; Oscoz et al. 1997) and 1115+080 (Schechter et al. 1997; Bar-Kana 1997).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRX J0911+05: A Massive Cluster Lens at [ITAL]z[/ITAL] = 0.769
Kneib, J., Cohen, J. G., & Hjorth, J. (2000) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/317285 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“…a growing number of such multiple quasars where a cluster or group as been detected (e.g., Q0957: Bernstein & Fischer 1999; the Cloverleaf: Kneib et al. 1998a, 1998b, MG2016+116 Hattori et al. 1997; Benitez et al. 1999; Soucail et al. 2000, PG1115+080: Schechter et al. 1997, Kundic et al. 1997a).”
BackgroundAn Infrared Einstein Ring in the Gravitational Lens PG 1115+080
Impey, C., Falco, E. E., Kochanek, C. S., Lehár, J., McLeod, B., Rix, H. W., Peng, C., & Keeton, C. R. (1998) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Гинзбург, В. Л. (1999) · Uspekhi Fizicheskih Nauk · doi:10.3367/ufnr.0169.199904d.0419 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
The Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment: A Hunt for Caustic Crossings in QSO 2237+0305
Wozniak, P. R., Udalski, A., Szymanski, M. H., Kubiak, M., Pietrzynski, G., Soszynski, I., & Zebrun, K. (2000) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 73 · see citing works
The Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment: A Hunt for Caustic Crossings in QSO 2237+0305
Woźniak, P. R., Udalski, A., Szymański, M. K., Kubiak, M., Pietrzyński, G., Soszyński, I., & Żebruń, K. (2000) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/312874 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“Such low points occasionally occur in light curves of other monitored quasars, and the possibility that the intrinsic quasar variability is causing them has not been excluded (see, e.g., the light curve of QSO 09571561 in Kundić et al. 1997).”
BackgroundThe Host Galaxy of the Lensed Quasar Q0957+561
Keeton, C. R., Falco, E. E., Impey, C. D., Kochanek, C. S., Lehár, J., McLeod, B. A., Rix, H., Munoz, J. A., & Peng, C. Y. (2000) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/309517 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“…known gravitational lenses now have time delays that can be used to estimate B0218]357 (BiggsH0 :et al. 1999) ; Q0957]561 (Schild & Thomson 1995 ; Kundic et al. 1997 ; Pelt et al. 1998 ; Haarsma et al. 1999 ; SerraRicart et al. 1999) ; PG 1115]080 (Schechter et al. 1997 ; Barkana 1997) ;…”
BackgroundIMPROVED CONSTRAINTS ON THE GRAVITATIONAL LENS Q0957+561. II. STRONG LENSING
Fadely, R., Keeton, C. R., Nakajima, R., & Bernstein, G. M. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/711/1/246 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“In this system, extensive observational effort (e.g., Schild & Cholfin 1986; Kundic et al. 1997; Oscoz et al. 2001) has yielded a very precise time delay with an uncertainty of just ∼0.02% (Colley et al. 2003).”
BackgroundInfluentialStrong Gravitational Lensing Time Delay Statistics and the Density Profile of Dark Halos
Oguri, M., Taruya, A., Suto, Y., & Turner, E. L. (2002) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/339064 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationConstraints onH0from the Central Velocity Dispersions of Lens Galaxies
Romanowsky, A. J., & Kochanek, C. S. (1999) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/307077 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
High-resolution observations and mass modelling of the CLASS gravitational lens B1152+199
Rusin, D., Norbury, M. A., Biggs, A. D., Marlow, D. R., Jackson, N. J., Browne, I. W. A., Wilkinson, P. N., & Myers, S. T. (2002) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05043.x · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Gravitational Lensing of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey High‐Redshift Quasars
Wyithe, J. S. B., & Loeb, A. (2002) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/342181 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“However, while microlensing causes independent variability of the quasar images, intrinsic variability is observed in all images separated by the lens time delay (e.g., Kundic et al. 1997).”
BackgroundObservational constraints on power-law cosmologies
Kaplinghat, M., Steigman, G., Tkachev, I. I., & Walker, T. P. (1999) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.59.043514 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Seeing Double: Strong Gravitational Lensing of High-Redshift Supernovae
HOLZ, D. E. (2001) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/322947 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
An optical time delay for the double gravitational lens system FBQ 0951+2635
Jakobsson, P., Hjorth, J., Burud, I., Letawe, G., Lidman, C. E., & Courbin, F. (2005) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041432 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Prompted by the successful optical measurements of time delays in QSO 0957+561 (Schild & Thomson 1997; Kundić et al. 1997) and PG 1115+080 (Schechter et al. 1997), we Based on observations made with the Nordic Optical Telescope, operated on the island of La Palma jointly by Denmark, Finland,…”
MethodEvidence for a Source Size of Less than 2000 AU in Quasar 2237+0305
Yonehara, A. (2001) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/319090 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“If we assume 1.0M⊙ as a mass of lens object (Mlens) and the Hubble constant H0 = 67km s −1 Mpc−1 (Kundić et al. 1997), rE will be corresponds to 10 17cm.”
BackgroundAnalysis of time delays in the gravitational lens PG 1115+080Preprint
Barkana, R. (1997) · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Lubin, L. M., Fassnacht, C. D., Readhead, A. C. S., Blandford, R. D., & Kundić, T. (2000) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/301229 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Unfortunately, a time delay measurement requires long-term radio or optical monitoring and a detection of a relatively strong event (see, e.g., Kundic et al. 1997c ; Schechter et al. 1997 ; Lovell et al. 1998 ; Biggs et al. 1999 ; Fassnacht et al. 1999).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMicrolensing of Relativistic Knots in the Quasar HE 1104−1805 AB
Schechter, P. L., Udalski, A., Szymański, M. K., Kubiak, M., Pietrzyński, G., Soszyński, I., Woźniak, P. R., Żebruń, K., Szewczyk, O., & Wyrzykowski, Ł. (2003) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/345716 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Time delays have been measured for nearly a dozen systems, and in most cases microlensing appears not to have presented a serious problem (e.g., Kundić et al. 1997; Schechter et al. 1997).”
BackgroundPierel, J. D. R., Newman, A. B., Dhawan, S., Gu, M., Joshi, B. A., Li, T., Schuldt, S., Strolger, L. G., Suyu, S. H., Caminha, G. B., et al. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ad4648 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“While this has been accomplished with quasars (e.g., Kundi´c et al. 1997; Schechter et al. 1997; Burud et al. 2002; Hjorth et al. 2002; Vuis-soz et al. 2008; Suyu et al. 2010; Tewes et al. 2013; Bonvin et al. 2017, 2018, 2019; Birrer et al. 2019; Chen et al. 2019; Wong et al. 2020; Bir-rer et al.…”
MethodSTRONG LENS TIME DELAY CHALLENGE. I. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Dobler, G., Fassnacht, C. D., Treu, T., Marshall, P. J., Liao, K., Hojjati, A., Linder, E. V., & Rumbaugh, N. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/799/2/168 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“The value of the time delay remained controversial, with adherents of the “long” and “short” delays (e.g., Press et al. 1992a, 1992b; Pelt et al. 1996) in disagreement until a sharp event in the light curves resolved the issue (Kundic et al. 1995, 1997).”
Time Dilation and Quasar Variability
Hawkins, M. R. S. (2001) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/320683 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“The reality of this mode of variability in active galactic nuclei is supported by detailed observations of Seyfert galaxies (Peterson et al. 1999) and gravitationally lensed quasars (Kundić et al. 1997), where the presence of intrinsic variations cannot be in doubt.”
MethodDetermination of time delay from the gravitational lens B1422+231
Patnaik, A. R., & Narasimha, D. (2001) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04711.x · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Cohen, A. S., Hewitt, J. N., Moore, C. B., Haarsma, D. B., & Studies, T. (. I. S. F. A. (2000) · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Time Delay Measurement of Mg ii Line in CTS C30.10 with SALT
Czerny, B., Olejak, A., Rałowski, M., Kozłowski, S., Martínez‐Aldama, M. L., Zajaček, M., Pych, W., Hryniewicz, K., Pietrzyński, G., Figaredo, C. S., et al. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab2913 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“We also use the method based on curve shifting and χ2 fitting, which was also used by several authors (e.g. Kundić et al. 1997; Czerny et al. 2013).”
MethodConstraints on interacting dark energy models from time-delay cosmography with seven lensed quasars
Wang, L.-F., Zhang, J.-H., He, D.-Z., Zhang, J., & Zhang, X. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1468 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
The Hubble Constant from SN Refsdal
Vega-Ferrero, J., Diego, J. M., Miranda, V., & Bernstein, G. M. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aaa95f · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Our results provide a separate geometrical inference for H0 (Kundić et al. 1997; Sereno & Paraficz 2014; Wong et al. 2017; Bonvin et al. 2017).”
ResultThe Hubble time inferred from 10 time-delay lenses
Saha, P., Coles, J., & Williams, L. R. (2006) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 49 · see citing works
A Rapid Microlensing Event in the Q0957+561A, B Gravitational Lens System
Colley, W. N., & Schild, R. E. (2003) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/376832 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“The epochs reported upon in this manuscript do, however, overlap with the original Kundić et al. (1997) determination near 417 days, and the convincing match of the A and B light curves for the first four nights in Figure 1 would seem to confirm the 417 day delay during this epoch.”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationCohen, A. S., Hewitt, J. N., Moore, C. B., & Haarsma, D. B. (2000) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/317830 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“The results were conÑicting and somewhat controversial, and the discrepancies have only recently been resolved (Kundic et al. 1997 ; Haarsma et al. 1999).”
BackgroundA TWO-YEAR TIME DELAY FOR THE LENSED QUASAR SDSS J1029+2623
Fohlmeister, J., Kochanek, C. S., Falco, E. E., Wambsganß, J., Oguri, M., & Dai, X. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/764/2/186 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“…the value of the middle points by linearly interpolating the outer points and compare the difference between the observed and predicted values of the middle point to the estimated photometric errors. ture of the interpolation of the light curves used for the comparison (Kundic et al. 1997).”
BackgroundLauer, T. R., Tonry, J. L., Postman, M., Ajhar, E. A., & Holtzman, J. A. (1998) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/305671 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
SDSS J115517.35+634622.0: A Newly Discovered Gravitationally Lensed Quasar
Pindor, B., Eisenstein, D. J., Inada, N., Gregg, M. D., Becker, R. H., Brinkmann, J., Burles, S. M., Frieman, J. A., Johnston, D. E., Richards, G. T., et al. (2004) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/381904 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“…modeling the mass distribution of the lens galaxy (Kochanek 1995), measuring the Hubble constant through time delay measurements (Refsdal 1964; Kundic et al. 1997; Koopmans & Fassnacht 1999), and constraining cosmological models through the use of lensing statistics (Turner 1990; Fukugita et…”
MethodSelf-citationAn X-Ray Microlensing Test of AU-Scale Accretion Disk Structure in Q2237+0305
Yonehara, A., Mineshige, S., Manmoto, T., Fükue, J., Umemura, M., & Turner, E. L. (1998) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/311431 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“…the Einstein-ring angular extension and the radius on the source plane are θE ∼ 4× 10−11(Mlens/M )(radian) and rE ≡ θEDos ∼ 1.5× 1017(Mlens/M )1/2cm, respectively, where we assume an Einstein-de Sitter universe and Hubble’s constant to be H0 ∼ 60km s−1Mpc−1, according to Kundić et al. (1997).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationScarpa, R., Urry, C. M., Falomo, R., Pesce, J. E., Webster, R. L., O’Dowd, M. J., & Treves, A. (1999) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/307552 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“…(Schechter et al. 1997, Impey et al. 1998); (2) 0957+561, for which the published value is H0 = 64 ± 13 km s −1 Mpc−1, not including modeling uncertainties (Kundic et al. 1997); and (3) the BL Lac object 0218+357, for which a very short time delay, 12± 3 days, gives H0 ∼ 60 km s −1 Mpc−1 (Corbett…”
BackgroundThe Radio Wavelength Time Delay of Gravitational Lens 0957+561
Haarsma, D. B., Hewitt, J. N., Lehár, J., & Burke, B. F. (1999) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/306584 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Both results are consistent with the delay estimated from optical monitoring (417 ± 3 days, Kundić et al. 1997), and thus we now have good agreement for the value of the delay from both statistics in both the radio and optical light curves.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCosmological Distance Indicators
Suyu, S. H., Chang, T., Courbin, F., & Okumura, T. (2018) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-018-0524-3 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The Hubble Constant from Strongly Lensed Supernovae with Standardizable Magnifications
Birrer, S., Dhawan, S., & Shajib, A. J. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac323a · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Time-delay cosmography was first applied by measuring the time delays of multiply lensed quasars with multiseason monitoring campaigns (e.g., Kundić et al. 1997; Schechter et al. 1997; Fassnacht et al. 2002; Tewes et al. 2013; Courbin et al. 2018; Millon et al. 2020a).”
MethodOrigin of chromatic features in multiple quasars
Yonehara, A., Hirashita, H., & Richter, P. (2007) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20067014 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“(1) Biggs et al. 1999; (2) Hjorth et al. 2002; (3) Ullán et al. 2006; (4) Kundic et al. 1997; (5) Haarsma et al. 1999; (6) Ofek & Maoz 2003; (7) Schechter et al. 1997; (8) Patnaik & Narasimha 2001; (9) Burud et al. 2002b; (10) Koopmans et al. 2000; (11) Burud et al. 2002a; (12) Jakobsson et al.…”
MethodNucleosynthesis in power-law cosmologies
Kaplinghat, M., Steigman, G., & Walker, T. P. (2000) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.61.103507 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
BVRIPhotometry of QSO 0957+561A, B: Observations, New Reduction Method, and Time Delay
Serra‐Ricart, M., Oscoz, A., Sanchis, T., Mediavilla, E., Goicoechea, L. J., Licandro, J., Alcalde, D., & Gil‐Merino, R. (1999) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/307961 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Although the time delay controversy has recently been solved, establishing a value for the time delay of ∼ 420 days (Oscoz et al. 1997; Kundić et al. 1997; Pelt et al. 1998a), an on-going monitoring of the QSO components and comparison between the light-curves may yield important results, both for…”
BackgroundSDSS J140228.22+632133.3: A New Spectroscopically Selected Gravitational Lens
Bolton, A. S., Burles, S. M., Koopmans, L. V. E., Treu, T., & Moustakas, L. A. (2005) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/430440 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Spergel, D. N., & Turner, E. L. (1998) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/305539 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationColley, W. N., Schild, R. E., Abajas, C., Alcalde, D., Aslan, Z., Фяритович, Б. И., Chavushyan, V., Chinarro, L. M., Cournoyer, J.-P., Crowe, R., et al. (2003) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/368076 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationTime delay in QSO 0957+561 from 1984-99 optical dataPreprint
Oscoz, A., Alcalde, D., Serra-Ricart, M., Mediavilla, E., Abajas, C., Barrena, R., Licandro, J., Motta, V, & Muñoz, J. A. (2001) · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Model‐independent Primordial Power Spectrum from MAXIMA, BOOMERANG, and DASI Data
Wang, Y., & Mathews, G. J. (2002) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/340492 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Fortunately, there are a number of independent methods for constraining h (Freedman et al. 2001; Branch 1998; Kundic et al. 1997).”
MethodSelf-citationQuasar Image Shifts Resulting from Gravitational Microlensing
Lewis, G. F., & Ibata, R. (1998) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/305860 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Other than a small number of " direct " methods, such as gravitational lens time-delay measurements (eg Kundi´c et al. 1997, Schechter et al. 1997) or the detection of a cluster's Sunyaev– Zeldovich decrement (eg Myers et al. 1997), most rely on a " ladder " of techniques to determine the distance…”
BackgroundHigh resolution observations and mass modelling of the CLASS gravitational lens B1152+199Preprint
Rusin, D., Norbury, M. A., Biggs, A. D., Marlow, D. R., Jackson, N. J., Browne, I. W. A., Wilkinson, P. N., & Myers, S. T. (2001) · Cited by 36 · see citing works
New two-colour light curves of Q0957+561: time delays and the origin of intrinsic variations
Shalyapin, V. N., Goicoechea, L. J., Koptelova, E., Ullán, A., & Gil-Merino, R. (2008) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200810447 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“A similar result was claimed by the APO team (Kundić et al. 1995, 1997), and some evidence for chromatic variability was also suggested by Ullán et al. (2003) (see also the BVRI variations in SerraRicart et al. 1999).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSDSS J102111.02+491330.4: A Newly Discovered Gravitationally Lensed Quasar
Pindor, B., Eisenstein, D. J., Gregg, M. D., Becker, R. H., Inada, N., Oguri, M., Hall, P. B., Johnston, D. E., Richards, G. T., Schneider, D. P., et al. (2006) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/497965 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“…used to probe the mass distribution of the lens galaxy (Kochanek 1995), measure the Hubble constant through time delay measurements (Refsdal 1964; Kundic et al. 1997; Koopmans & Fassnacht 1999), and constrain cosmological models through the use of lensing statistics (Turner 1990; Fukugita et al.…”
MethodSelf-citation
- Authors
- Kundić, T., Turner, E. L., Colley, W. N., Gott III, J. R., Rhoads, J. E., Wang, Y., Bergeron, L. E., Gloria, K. A., Long, D. C., Malhotra, S., & Wambsganss, J.
- Affiliations
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Princeton University (US)
- Space Telescope Science Institute (US)
- Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam (DE)
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 1997-06-10
- Volume
- 482
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 75-82
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W1990279104
- Cited by
- 299
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 31.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (9529120, 9419400, 19400)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Keywords
- gravitational lensing, time delay, light curves, lens model, extragalactic distance scale, differential time delay, photometric monitoring
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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