CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 56Gamma-ray bursts and supernovaeCosmology and Gravitation TheoriesGalaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena

Lensed Type Ia Supernova “Encore” at z = 2: The First Instance of Two Multiply Imaged Supernovae in the Same Host Galaxy

Open access
Pierel, J. D. R., Newman, A. B., Dhawan, S., Gu, M., Joshi, B. A., Li, T., Schuldt, S., Strolger, L. G. +55 more·2024·The Astrophysical Journal Letters
DOI 10.3847/2041-8213/ad4648
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

A bright ( m F150W,AB = 24 mag), z = 1.95 supernova (SN) candidate was discovered in JWST/NIRCam imaging acquired on 2023 November 17. The SN is quintuply imaged as a result of strong gravitational lensing by a foreground galaxy cluster, detected in three locations, and remarkably is the second lensed SN found in the same host galaxy. The previous lensed SN was called “Requiem,” and therefore the new SN is named “Encore.” This makes the MACS J0138.0−2155 cluster the first known system to produce more than one multiply imaged SN. Moreover, both SN Requiem and SN Encore are Type Ia SNe (SNe Ia), making this the most distant case of a galaxy hosting two SNe Ia. Using parametric host fitting, we determine the probability of detecting two SNe Ia in this host galaxy over a ∼10 yr window to be ≈3%. These observations have the potential to yield a Hubble constant ( H 0 ) measurement with ∼10% precision, only the third lensed SN capable of such a result, using the three visible images of the SN. Both SN Requiem and SN Encore have a fourth image that is expected to appear within a few years of ∼2030, providing an unprecedented baseline for time-delay cosmography.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3847/2041-8213/ad4648

Cites

4 of 4 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 82

  1. Akhshik, M., Whitaker, K. E., Leja, J., et al. 2023, The Astrophysical Journal, 943, 179, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/aca677 · DOI
  2. Dhawan, S., Johansson, J., Goobar, A., et al. 2020, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, stz2965, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stz2965 · DOI
  3. Arendse, N., Dhawan, S., Sagués Carracedo, A., et al. 2023, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2312.04621, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2312.04621 · DOI
  4. Birrer, S., Dhawan, S., & Shajib, A. J. 2022a, The Astrophysical Journal, 924, 2, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac323a · DOI
  5. Birrer, S., Millon, M., Sluse, D., et al. 2022b, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2210.10833, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2210.10833 · DOI
  6. Birrer, S., Treu, T., Rusu, C. E., et al. 2019, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 484, 4726, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stz200 · DOI
  7. Birrer, S., Shajib, A. J., Galan, A., et al. 2020, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 643, A165, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202038861 · DOI
  8. Blondin, S., & Tonry, J. L. 2007, Astrophysical Journal, 666, 1024, doi: 10.1086/520494 · DOI
  9. Bonvin, V., Courbin, F., Suyu, S. H., et al. 2017, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 465, 4914, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stw3006 · DOI · Paper page
  10. Bonvin, V., Chan, J. H. H., Millon, M., et al. 2018, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 616, A183, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201833287 · DOI
  11. Bonvin, V., Millon, M., Chan, J. H.-H., et al. 2019, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 629, A97, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201935921 · DOI
  12. Burud, I., Hjorth, J., Courbin, F., et al. 2002, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 391, 481, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361:20020856 · DOI
  13. Chen, G. C. F., Fassnacht, C. D., Suyu, S. H., et al. 2019, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 490, 1743, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stz2547 · DOI
  14. Chen, W., Kelly, P. L., Frye, B. L., et al. 2024, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2403.19029, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2403.19029 http://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2403.19029 · DOI
  15. Craig, P., O'Connor, K., Chakrabarti, S., et al. 2021, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2111.01680, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2111.01680 http://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2111.01680 · DOI
  16. Ding, X., Liao, K., Birrer, S., et al. 2021, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 504, 5621, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stab1240 · DOI
  17. Falco, E. E., Gorenstein, M. V., & Shapiro, I. I. 1985, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 289, L1, doi: 10.1086/184422 · DOI
  18. Foxley-Marrable, M., Collett, T. E., Vernardos, G., Goldstein, D. A., & Bacon, D. 2018, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 478, 5081, doi: 10.1093/mnras/sty1346 · DOI
  19. Fremling, C., Miller, A. A., Sharma, Y., et al. 2020, The Astrophysical Journal, 895, 32, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab8943 · DOI
  20. Freundlich, J., & Maoz, D. 2021, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 502, 5882, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stab493 · DOI
  21. Frye, B. L., Pascale, M., Pierel, J., et al. 2024, The Astrophysical Journal, 961, 171, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ad1034 · DOI
  22. Goobar, A., Amanullah, R., Kulkarni, S. R., et al. 2017, Science, 356, 291, doi: 10.1126/science.aal2729 · DOI
  23. Goobar, A., Johansson, J., Schulze, S., et al. 2023, Nature Astronomy, 7, 1098, doi: 10.1038/s41550-023-01981-3 http://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-023-01981-3 · DOI
  24. Grillo, C., Pagano, L., Rosati, P., & Suyu, S. H. 2024, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2401.10980, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2401.10980 http://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2401.10980 · DOI
  25. Grillo, C., Rosati, P., Suyu, S. H., et al. 2020, The Astrophysical Journal, 898, 87, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab9a4c http://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab9a4c · DOI
  26. -. 2018, The Astrophysical Journal, 860, 94, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/aac2c9 · DOI
  27. Guy, J., Sullivan, M., Conley, A., et al. 2010, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 523, A7, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201014468 · DOI
  28. Hjorth, J., Burud, I., Jaunsen, A. O., et al. 2002, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 572, L11, doi: 10.1086/341603 · DOI
  29. Holz, D. E. 2001, The Astrophysical Journal, 556, L71, doi: 10.1086/322947 · DOI
  30. Hsiao, E. Y., Conley, A., Howell, D. A., et al. 2007, The Astrophysical Journal, 663, 1187, doi: 10.1086/518232 · DOI
  31. Huber, S., Suyu, S. H., Noebauer, U. M., et al. 2021, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 646, A110, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202039218 · DOI
  32. Jones, D. O., Foley, R. J., Narayan, G., et al. 2021, The Astrophysical Journal, 908, 143, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/abd7f5 · DOI
  33. Kelly, P. L., Rodney, S. A., Treu, T., et al. 2015, Science, 347, 1123, doi: 10.1126/science.aaa3350 · DOI
  34. -. 2016, The Astrophysical Journal, 819, L8, doi: 10.3847/2041-8205/819/1/L8 · DOI
  35. Kelly, P. L., Rodney, S., Treu, T., et al. 2023a, Science, 380, abh1322, doi: 10.1126/science.abh1322 · DOI
  36. -. 2023b, The Astrophysical Journal, 948, 93, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac4ccb · DOI
  37. Kelsey, L. 2024, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 527, 8015, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stad3587 · DOI
  38. Kenworthy, W. D., Jones, D. O., Dai, M., et al. 2021, The Astrophysical Journal, 923, 265, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac30d8 · DOI
  39. Koekemoer, A. M., Faber, S. M., Ferguson, H. C., et al. 2011, The Astrophysical Journals, 197, 36, doi: 10.1088/0067-0049/197/2/36 · DOI
  40. Kolatt, T. S., & Bartelmann, M. 1998, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 296, 763, doi: 10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.01466.x · DOI
  41. Kroupa, P. 2001, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 322, 231, doi: 10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04022.x · DOI · Paper page
  42. Leget, P.-F., Gangler, E., Mondon, F., et al. 2020, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 636, A46, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201834954 · DOI
  43. Li, W., Chornock, R., Leaman, J., et al. 2011, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 412, 1473, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18162.x · DOI
  44. Linder, E. V. 2011, Physical Review D, 84, 123529, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevD.84.123529 · DOI
  45. Mandel, K. S., Thorp, S., Narayan, G., Friedman, A. S., & Avelino, A. 2022, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 510, 3939, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stab3496 · DOI
  46. Maoz, D., Mannucci, F., & Brandt, T. D. 2012, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 426, 3282, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21871.x · DOI
  47. Narayan, R., & Bartelmann, M. 1997, arXiv:astro-ph/9606001. http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9606001 · arXiv
  48. Newman, A. B., Belli, S., Ellis, R. S., & Patel, S. G. 2018, The Astrophysical Journal, 862, 125, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/aacd4d · DOI · Paper page
  49. Nordin, J., Rubin, D., Richard, J., et al. 2014, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 440, 2742, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stu376 · DOI
  50. Oguri, M. 2019, Reports on Progress in Physics, 82, 126901, doi: 10.1088/1361-6633/ab4fc5 · DOI
  51. Oguri, M., & Kawano, Y. 2003, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 338, L25, doi: 10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06290.x · DOI
  52. Paraficz, D., & Hjorth, J. 2009, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 507, L49, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/200913307 http://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/200913307 · DOI
  53. Pascale, M., Frye, B. L., Pierel, J. D. R., et al. 2024, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2403.18902, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2403.18902 · DOI
  54. Patel, B., McCully, C., Jha, S. W., et al. 2014, The Astrophysical Journal, 786, 9, doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/786/1/9 · DOI
  55. Pierel, J. D. R., & Rodney, S. 2019, The Astrophysical Journal, 876, 107, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab164a · DOI
  56. Pierel, J. D. R., Rodney, S., Vernardos, G., et al. 2021, The Astrophysical Journal, 908, 190, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/abd8d3 · DOI
  57. Pierel, J. D. R., Jones, D. O., Kenworthy, W. D., et al. 2022, The Astrophysical Journal, 939, 11, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac93f9 · DOI
  58. Pierel, J. D. R., Arendse, N., Ertl, S., et al. 2023, The Astrophysical Journal, 948, 115, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/acc7a6 · DOI
  59. Pierel, J. D. R., Frye, B. L., Pascale, M., et al. 2024, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2403.18954, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2403.18954 http://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2403.18954 · DOI
  60. Refsdal, S. 1964, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 128, 307, doi: 10.1093/mnras/128.4.307 · DOI
  61. Riess, A. G., Yuan, W., Macri, L. M., et al. 2022, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 934, L7, doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ac5c5b http://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac5c5b · DOI · Paper page
  62. Rodney, S. A., Brammer, G. B., Pierel, J. D. R., et al. 2021, Nature Astronomy, doi: 10.1038/s41550-021-01450-9 http://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-021-01450-9 · DOI · Paper page
  63. Rodney, S. A., Patel, B., Scolnic, D., et al. 2015, The Astrophysical Journal, 811, 70, doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/811/1/70 http://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/811/1/70 · DOI
  64. Rose, B. M., Baltay, C., Hounsell, R., et al. 2021, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2111.03081, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2111.03081 · DOI
  65. Salpeter, E. E. 1955, The Astrophysical Journal, 121, 161, doi: 10.1086/145971 · DOI
  66. Saunders, C., Aldering, G., Antilogus, P., et al. 2018, The Astrophysical Journal, 869, 167, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/aaec7e http://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaec7e · DOI
  67. Schechter, P. L., Bailyn, C. D., Barr, R., et al. 1997, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 475, L85, doi: 10.1086/310478 · DOI
  68. Scolnic, D. M., Jones, D. O., Rest, A., et al. 2018, The Astrophysical Journal, 859, 101, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/aab9bb http://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aab9bb · DOI
  69. Scolnic, D., Smith, M., Massiah, A., et al. 2020, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 896, L13, doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab8735 · DOI
  70. Shajib, A. J., Birrer, S., Treu, T., et al. 2020, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 494, 6072, doi: 10.1093/mnras/staa828 · DOI
  71. Shajib, A. J., Mozumdar, P., Chen, G. C. F., et al. 2023, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 673, A9, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202345878 http://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202345878 · DOI · Paper page
  72. Strolger, L.-G., Rodney, S. A., Pacifici, C., Narayan, G., & Graur, O. 2020, The Astrophysical Journal, 890, 140, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab6a97 · DOI
  73. Suyu, S. H., Goobar, A., Collett, T., More, A., & Vernardos, G. 2024, ßr, 220, 13, doi: 10.1007/s11214-024-01044-7 http://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-024-01044-7 · DOI
  74. Tewes, M., Courbin, F., Meylan, G., et al. 2013, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 556, A22, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201220352 · DOI
  75. Toft, S., Zabl, J., Richard, J., et al. 2017, \nat, 546, 510, doi: 10.1038/nature22388 · DOI
  76. Treu, T., & Marshall, P. J. 2016, The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review, 24, 11, doi: 10.1007/s00159-016-0096-8 · DOI
  77. Treu, T., Suyu, S. H., & Marshall, P. J. 2022, The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review, 30, 8, doi: 10.1007/s00159-022-00145-y http://doi.org/10.1007/s00159-022-00145-y · DOI
  78. Vuissoz, C., Courbin, F., Sluse, D., et al. 2008, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 488, 481, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361:200809866 · DOI
  79. Windhorst, R. A., Cohen, S. H., Jansen, R. A., et al. 2023, The Astronomical Journal, 165, 13, doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/aca163 http://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aca163 · DOI
  80. Wong, K. C., Suyu, S. H., Chen, G. C. F., et al. 2020, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 498, 1420, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stz3094 · DOI
  81. Xu, D., Sluse, D., Schneider, P., et al. 2016, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 456, 739, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stv2708 · DOI
  82. Yahalomi, D. A., Schechter, P. L., & Wambsganss, J. 2017, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:1711.07919, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.1711.07919 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Pierel, J. D. R., Newman, A. B., Dhawan, S., Gu, M., Joshi, B. A., Li, T., Schuldt, S., Strolger, L. G., Suyu, S. H., Caminha, G. B., Cohen, S. H., Diego, J. M., DŚilva, J. C. J., Ertl, S., Frye, B. L., Granata, G., Grillo, C., Koekemoer, A. M., Li, J., Robotham, A., Summers, J., Treu, T., Windhorst, R. A., Zitrin, A., Agarwal, S., Agrawal, A., Arendse, N., Belli, S., Burns, C., Cañameras, R., Chakrabarti, S., Chen, W., Collett, T. E., Coulter, D. A., Ellis, R. S., Engesser, M., Foo, N., Fox, O. D., Gall, C., Garuda, N., Gezari, S., Gomez, S., Glazebrook, K., Hjorth, J., Huang, X., Jha, S. W., Kamieneski, P. S., Kelly, P., Larison, C., Moustakas, L. A., Pascale, M., Pérez-Fournon, I., Petrushevska, T., Poidevin, F., Rest, A., Shahbandeh, M., Shajib, A. J., Siebert, M., Storfer, C., Talbot, M., Wang, Q., Wevers, T., & Zenati, Y.
Affiliations
  • Space Telescope Science Institute (US)
  • Carnegie Institution for Science (US)
  • University of Cambridge (GB)
  • University of Hong Kong (HK)
  • Johns Hopkins University (US)
  • University of Portsmouth (GB)
  • University of Milan (IT)
  • Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica (TW)
  • Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics (DE)
  • Arizona State University (US)
  • Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ES)
  • University of Arizona (US)
  • The University of Western Australia (AU)
  • University of California, Los Angeles (US)
  • Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (IL)
  • University of California, Berkeley (US)
  • University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
  • Stockholm University (SE)
  • University of Bologna (IT)
  • University of Alabama (US)
  • Oklahoma State University (US)
  • University College London (GB)
  • University of Copenhagen (DK)
  • Swinburne University of Technology (AU)
  • University of Chicago (US)
  • Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
  • University of Minnesota (US)
  • Jet Propulsion Laboratory (US)
  • Universidad de La Laguna (ES)
  • University of Nova Gorica (SI)
  • University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (US)
Corresponding author
Pierel, J. D. R.
ORCID
Venue
The Astrophysical Journal Letters
Publisher
American Astronomical Society
Published
2024-05-29
Volume
967
Issue
2
Pages
L37
ISSN
  • 2041-8205 (ISSN-L)
  • 2041-8213
DOI
10.3847/2041-8213/ad4648
OpenAlex
W4399140417
Cited by
56
References
4
Citations by year
2026: 18 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 14
FWCI
10.48
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • The Astrophysical Journal Letters (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
  • Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca (Universita Degli Studi Di Milano) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • arXiv (Cornell University)
Funders
  • National Aeronautics and Space Administration (HF2-51541.001, HF2-51492, NAG5-12460, NNX14AN10G, 80NSSC18K020)
  • EC ∣ European Research Council (771776, 01076080)
  • Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (390783311)
  • Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (PID2019-110614GB-C21)
  • Department of Education and Training ∣ Australian Research Council (FL180100060)
  • EC ∣ ERC ∣ HORIZON EUROPE European Research Council (101105167, 945536)
  • Villum Fonden (25501)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
Keywords
Type Ia supernovae, gravitational lensing, lensed supernovae, supernova host galaxies, time-delay cosmography, JWST NIRCam, supernova discovery

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review