The DOI matches its Crossref record; 53 of the 53 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
ROSAT Survey Diffuse X‐Ray Background Maps. II.
Open accessAbstract
This paper presents new maps of the soft X-ray background from the ROSAT all-sky survey. These maps represent a significant improvement over the previous version in that (1) the position resolution of the PSPC has been used to improve the angular resolution from ~2° to 12', (2) there are six energy bands that divide each of the previous three into two parts, and (3) the contributions of point sources have been removed to a uniform source flux level over most of the sky. These new maps will be available in electronic format later in 1997. In this paper we also consider the bright emission in the general direction of the Galactic center in the 0.5-2.0 keV band, and the apparent absorption trough that runs through it along the Galactic plane. We find that while the northern hemisphere data are confused by emission from Loop I, the emission seen south of the plane is consistent with a bulge of hot gas surrounding the Galactic center (in our simple model, a cylinder with an exponential fall-off of density with height above the plane). The cylinder has a radial extent of ~5.6 kpc. The X-ray emitting gas has a scale height of 1.9 kpc, an in-plane electron density of ~0.0035 cm -3 , a temperature of ~10 6.6 K, a thermal pressure of ~28,000 cm -3 K, and a total luminosity of ~2 × 10 39 ergs s -1 using a collisional ionization equilibrium (CIE) plasma emission model.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In the past two decades, it has become increasingly clear that the Milky Way is such a system with a large-scale ( ≳ kpc) outflow where we can possibly have a multi-wavelength observation of the feedback process.”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Snowden et al. 1997
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Dickey, J. M., & Lockman, F. J. (1990) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.28.090190.001243 · Cited by 4,364
Interstellar photoelectric absorption cross sections, 0.03-10 keV
Morrison, R., & McCammon, D. (1983) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/161102 · Cited by 1,755
Self-citationSoft X-ray spectrum of a hot plasma
RAYMOND, J. C., & Smith, B. W. (1977) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1086/190486 · Cited by 1,353
A composite CO survey of the entire Milky Way
Dame, T. M., Ungerechts, H., Cohen, R. S., Geus, E. J. D., Grenier, I. A., May, J., Murphy, D. C., Nyman, L. Å., & Thaddeus, P. (1987) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/165766 · Cited by 672
Trümper, J. E. (1982) · Advances in Space Research · doi:10.1016/0273-1177(82)90070-9 · Cited by 497
etal (1997) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/00043764-199707000-00017 · Cited by 483
Cox, D. P., & Reynolds, R. J. (1987) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.25.090187.001511 · Cited by 430
Analysis procedures for ROSAT XRT/PSPC observations of extended objects and the diffuse background
Snowden, S. L., McCammon, D., Burrows, D. N., & Mendenhall, J. A. (1994) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/173925 · Cited by 323
Self-citationFirst Maps of the Soft X-Ray Diffuse Background from the ROSAT XRT/PSPC All-Sky Survey
Snowden, S. L., Freyberg, M. J., Plucinsky, P. P., Schmitt, J. H. M. M., Truemper, J. E., Voges, W. H., Edgar, R. J., McCammon, D., & Sanders, W. T., III (1995) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/176517 · Cited by 270
Self-citationThe Focal Plane Instrumentation Of The ROSAT Telescope
Pfeffermann, E., Briel, U. G., Hippmann, H., Kettenring, G., Metzner, G., Predehl, P., Reger, G., Stephan, K. H., Zombeck, M. V., Chappell, J., et al. (1986) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.964956 · Cited by 242
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 15
- Berkhuijsen E. M., 1971, A&A, 14, 252
- Columb F. R., 1980, A&AS, 40, 47
- de Geus E. J., 1992, A&A, 262, 258
- de Geus E. J., 1989, A&A, 216, 44
- Egger, R. 1994, Ph.D. thesis, Technische Univ. Munchen
- Egger R., 1995, PASP, 80, 45
- Freyberg, M. J. 1994, Ph.D. thesis, Technische Univ. Munchen
- Garmire G. P., 1981, BAAS, 13, 786
- Greisen, E. W. & Calabretta, M. 1996, preprint
- Hasinger G., 1993, A&A, 275, 1
- Herbstmeier U., 1995, A&A, 298, 606
- Pietsch W., 1994, A&A, 284, 386
- Trumper J., 1992, QJRAS, 33, 165
- Voges, W. 1992, in Proc. Satellite Symp. 3, Space Science with Particular Emphasis on High-energy Astrophysics, ed. T. D. Guyenne & J. J. Hunt (Noordwijk: ESA), 9
- Voges, W., etal 1992, in Proc. Satellite Symp. 3, Space Science with Particular Emphasis on High-energy Astrophysics, ed. T. D. Guyenne & J. J. Hunt (Noordwijk: ESA), 223
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 597
Diffuse Far-Ultraviolet Observations of the Lupus Loop Region
Shinn, J., Min, K. W., Lee, C.-N., Edelstein, J., Korpela, E., Welsh, B. Y., Han, W., Nam, U.-W., Jin, H., & Lee, D. H. (2006) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/505263 · Cited by 10
“Following Snowden et al. (1997), in which the intensity ratios of the RASS bands are translated into the corresponding hot-gas temperatures, we estimate the temperatures to beTR1 ∼ 4.9#106 K and TR3 ∼ 4.5#106 K, while the associated uncertainties are large enough for the temperatures of these two…”
BackgroundInfluentialTHE DIFFUSE GeV-TeV γ-RAY EMISSION OF THE CYGNUS REGION
Bi, X.-J., Chen, T. L., Wang, Y., & Yuan, Q. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/695/2/883 · Cited by 10
“We find in the soft X-ray background (SXRB) from ROSAT All-Sky Survey (RASS, Snowden et al. 1997) that there is no distinct excess in the Cygnus region compared with nearby sky regions.”
BackgroundFUSEObservations of the Loop I/Local Bubble Interaction Region
Sallmen, S. M., Korpela, E., & Yamashita, H. (2008) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/588802 · Cited by 10
“Using a 0.1 radius circle centered on our sight lines, the ROSAT count rates (10 6 counts s 1 arcmin 2) along the shadowed sight line are R12 ¼ 749 175 and R34 ¼ 227 86 while those for the unshadowed sight line are R12 ¼ 1423 165 and R34 ¼ 180 61 (Snowden et al. 1997)4.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSmall-scale fluctuations of the soft X-ray background
Sołtan, A., Freyberg, M. J., & Trümper, J. E. (2001) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20011271 · Cited by 10
“The RASS X-ray maps (Snowden et al. 1997) show that at low energies only the selected sky regions seem to be free from thermal emission by hot galactic plasma and not affected by absorption by cold gas.”
BackgroundSelf-citationSEARCHES FOR THE SHELL SWEPT UP BY THE STELLAR WIND FROM CYG OB2Preprint
Lozinskaya, T. A., Pravdikova, V. V., & Finoguenov, A. (2000) · Cited by 10
Hadronic Models of the Fermi Bubbles: Future Perspectives
Razzaque, S., & Yang, L. (2018) · Galaxies · doi:10.3390/galaxies6020047 · Cited by 11
Looking for the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect in the Virgo cluster from WMAP and ROSAT data
Diego, J. M., & Ascasíbar, Y. (2008) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13685.x · Cited by 9
“Since we are interested on much larger scales, our work is based on the RASS maps of the diffuse X-ray emission (Snowden et al. 1997).”
MethodEmission from hadronic and leptonic processes in galactic jet-driven bubbles
Owen, E. R., & Yang, H.-Y. K. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2289 · Cited by 9
Mereghetti, S., Palombara, N. L., Esposito, P., Gastaldello, F., Tiengo, A., Heber, U., Geier, S., & Wilms, J. (2014) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stu773 · Cited by 9
“This is particularly relevant since the field is in a region (Galactic coordinatesl = 322.43◦, b = +28.99◦) of enhanced Galactic foreground (see the ROSAT R45 map of Snowden et al. 1997).”
BackgroundInfluentialOta, N., Mitsuishi, I., Babazaki, Y., Akamatsu, H., Ichinohe, Y., Ueda, S., Okabe, N., Oguri, M., Fujimoto, R., Hamana, T., et al. (2019) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/psz118 · Cited by 9
Global Distribution of Far-ultraviolet Emissions from Highly Ionized Gas in the Milky Way
Jo, Y.-S., Seon, K.-I., Min, K.-W., Edelstein, J., Han, W., Korpela, E., & Sirk, M. M. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ab22ae · Cited by 9
A HaloSat Analysis of the Cygnus Superbubble
Bluem, J., Kaaret, P., Fuelberth, W., Zajczyk, A., LaRocca, D. M., Ringuette, R., Jahoda, K. M., & Kuntz, K. D. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abc41b · Cited by 9
Campbell, J. L., Clark, S. E., Gaensler, B. M., Marchal, A., Eck, C. L. V., Deshpande, A. A., George, S. J., Gibson, S. J., Ricci, R., Stil, J. M., et al. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac400d · Cited by 9
“Using soft X-ray data from the all-sky ROSAT survey (Snowden et al. 1997) over the energy range 0.1–2.4 keV, we searched for excess X-ray emission associated with G216.”
MethodInfluentialCan a satellite galaxy merger explain the active past of the Galactic Centre?
Lang, M., Holley‐Bockelmann, K., Bogdanović, T., Amaro‐Seoane, P., Sesana, A., & Sinha, M. (2013) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sts638 · Cited by 9
“The sharp edges of the Fermi bubbles are also traced by the X-ray arcs discovered in the ROSAT maps (Snowden et al. 1997), suggested to be the remnants of shock fronts created by the expanding bubbles (Su et al. 2010; Guo & Mathews 2012).”
BackgroundA suborbital payload for soft X-ray spectroscopy of extended sources
Oakley, P., McEntaffer, R. L., & Cash, W. (2011) · Experimental Astronomy · doi:10.1007/s10686-011-9222-9 · Cited by 9
“The ROSAT all sky survey imaged a wealth of extended soft X-ray emission and high- lighted the need for a high resolution extended spectroscopic instrument (Snowden et al. (1995) and Snowden et al. (1997)).”
BackgroundAn Infrared and Radio Study of the Galactic Worm GW 46.4+5.5
Kim, K., & Koo, B. (2000) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/308262 · Cited by 9
“4 keV, and 1.5 keV bands (Snowden et al. 1997).”
InfluentialBiermann, P. L. (2001) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-010-0997-3_26 · Cited by 9
Mou, G.-B., Sun, D., & Xie, F. (2018) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aaf421 · Cited by 8
“— Upper panel : morphologies of the Fermi bubbles (solid curve, see Su et al. 2010), and the NPS structure in 1.5 keV band in Galactic coordinates (see Snowden et al. 1997).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialINVESTIGATING THE NUCLEAR ACTIVITY OF BARRED SPIRAL GALAXIES: THE CASE OF NGC 1672
Jenkins, L. P., Brandt, W. N., Colbert, E. J. M., Koribalski, B. S., Kuntz, K. D., Levan, A. J., Ojha, R., Roberts, T. P., Ward, M. J., & Zezas, A. (2011) · Maryland Shared Open Access Repository (USMAI Consortium) · doi:10.13016/m2ui6z-v8ho · Cited by 9
Hasler, N., Bülbül, E., Bonamente, M., Carlstrom, J. E., Culverhouse, T. L., Gralla, M., Greer, C. H., Hawkins, D., Hennessy, R., Joy, M. K., et al. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/748/2/113 · Cited by 9
“These soft X-ray residuals may be due to Galactic and extragalactic emission, and may vary as function of position (e.g., Snowden et al. 1997) and time (e.g., Takei et al. 2008).”
BackgroundBonamente, M., Lieu, R., & Kaastra, J. S. (2005) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053169 · Cited by 9
“All point sources and diffuse emission regions were excluded from the fields, and the data divided into three bands following Snowden’s convention (Snowden et al. 1997): R2 band (∼0.15–0.3 keV), R4 band (∼0.4–1.0 keV) and R7 band (∼1.1–2.0 keV)1.”
MethodInfluentialEvidence for the Galactic X‐Ray Bulge. II.
Park, S., Finley, J. P., & Dame, T. M. (1998) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/306468 · Cited by 9
Resonant absorption troughs in the gamma-ray spectra of QSO
Iyudin, A. F., Reimer, O., Burwitz, V., Greiner, J., & Reimer, A. (2005) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041815 · Cited by 9
“This line of sight crosses a bright soft X-ray filament near the edge of Radio Loop IV (Snowden et al. 1997).”
BackgroundMAXI/SSC all-sky maps from 0.7 keV to 4 keV
Nakahira, S., Tsunemi, H., Tomida, H., Nakashima, S., Kataoka, R., & Makishima, K. (2020) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/psz139 · Cited by 9
“After eliminating the pixels near bright point sources, we fit the data (10532 pixels) by a linear least squares procedure considering both MAXI/SSC and ROSAT (Snowden et al. 1997) statistical errors.”
BackgroundMethodeROSITA narrowband maps at the energies of soft X-ray emission lines
Zheng, X., Ponti, G., Locatelli, N. T., Sanders, J. S., Merloni, A., Becker, W., Comparat, J., Dennerl, K., Freyberg, M. J., Maitra, C., et al. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202449398 · Cited by 8
Self-citationYuan, W., Zhang, C., Chen, Y., & Ling, Z. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-6960-7_151 · Cited by 8
Physical laboratory at the center of the Galaxy
Dokuchaev, V. I., & Eroshenko, Y. N. (2015) · Uspekhi Fizicheskih Nauk · doi:10.3367/ufnr.0185.201508c.0829 · Cited by 11
Ponti, G., Sanders, J. S., Locatelli, N. T., Zheng, X., Zhang, Y., Yeung, M. C. H., Freyberg, M. J., Dennerl, K., Comparat, J., Merloni, A., et al. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244430 · Cited by 8
Self-citationModelling Local Bubble analogs: synthetic dust polarization maps
Maconi, E., Soler, J. D., Reißl, S., Girichidis, P., Klessen, R. S., Hennebelle, P., Molinari, S., Testi, L., Smith, R. J., Sormani, M. C., et al. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1854 · Cited by 8
“The high-temperature plasma enclosed by the Local Bubble shell was identified as the source of the unexpectedly intense diffuse flux of 0.25 keV X-rays observed over the whole sky by the ROSAT satellite (Snowden et al. 1997; Galeazzi et al. 2014; Puspitarini et al. 2014; Snowden et al. 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialCO-to-H2 conversion factor of molecular clouds using X-ray shadows
Sofue, Y., & Kataoka, J. (2016) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/psw038 · Cited by 8
“Colombia galactic plane CO survey (Dame et al. 2001), and soft X-ray archival data from the ROSAT observations (Snowden et al. 1997). c© 2014.”
MethodInfluentialMetal Enrichment in the Fermi Bubbles as a Probe of their Origin
Inoue, Y., Nakashima, S., Tahara, M., Kataoka, J., Totani, T., Fujita, Y., Sofue, Y., 中島, 真., 田原, 将., 片岡, 淳., et al. (2015) · JAXA Repository (JAXA) · Cited by 8
LINEAR GROWTH OF THE KELVIN-HELMHOLTZ INSTABILITY WITH AN ADIABATIC COSMIC-RAY GAS
Suzuki, A., Takahashi, H. R., & Kudoh, T. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/787/2/169 · Cited by 8
“…from star-forming galaxies is observationally supported by detections of high-energy gamma-ray photons from starburst galaxies, such as, M82 and NGC 253 (Acero et al. 2009; VERITAS Collaboration et al. 2009; Abdo et al. 2010) and the Galactic diffuse soft Xray emission(e.g., Snowden et al. 1997).”
BackgroundThe composition of the interstellar medium towards the Lockman Hole
Kappes, M., Kerp, J., & Richter, P. (2003) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030610 · Cited by 8
“The X-ray data of the Lockman area were extracted from the ROSAT all-sky survey (RASS) (Snowden et al. 1995, 1997).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBhardwaj, A., & Lisse, C. M. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012088589-3/50039-6 · Cited by 8
Open Clusters IC 4665 and Cr 359 and a Probable Birthplace of the Pulsar PSR B1929+10Preprint
Бобылев, В. В. (2008) · Cited by 8
Vannier, H., Redfield, S., Wood, B. E., Mueller, H., Linsky, J. L., & Frisch, P. C. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adb033 · Cited by 7
The X-ray angular power spectrum of extended sources in the eROSITA Final Equatorial Depth survey
Lau, E. T., Bogdán, Á., Chadayammuri, U., Nagai, D., Kraft, R., & Cappelluti, N. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3147 · Cited by 7
The warm-hot intergalactic medium in inter-cluster filaments
Zhao, Y., Xu, H., Liu, A., Zhang, X., Ji, L., Chang, J., Hu, D., Werner, N., Zhang, Z., Cui, W., et al. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202452543 · Cited by 7
Supernova-remnant origin of the Galactic-Centre filaments
Sofue, Y. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3137 · Cited by 7
The magnetosheath at high spectral resolution
Kuntz, K. D., Koutroumpa, D., Dunn, W. R., Foster, A. R., Porter, F. S., Sibeck, D. G., Walsh, B. M., & LATMOS-OVSQ, C. (2023) · Earth and Planetary Physics · doi:10.26464/epp2023060 · Cited by 7
ORIGIN: metal creation and evolution from the cosmic dawn
den Herder, J.-W., Piro, L., Ohashi, T., Kouveliotou, C., Hartmann, D. H., Kaastra, J. S., Amati, L., Andersen, M. I., Arnaud, M., Atteia, J. L., et al. (2011) · Experimental Astronomy · doi:10.1007/s10686-011-9224-7 · Cited by 9
“The instrumental background will be as low as 2 · 10 − 5 counts s − 1 arcmin − 2 keV − 1 , which is about an order of magnitude lower than the level of the cosmic X-ray background [22, 31].”
Self-citationMiyaoka, K., Okabe, N., Kitaguchi, T., Oguri, M., Fukazawa, Y., Mandelbaum, R., Medezinski, E., Babazaki, Y., Nishizawa, A. J., Hamana, T., et al. (2018) · Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) · Cited by 7
Probing the Halo Gas Distribution in the Inner Galaxy with Fermi Bubble Observations
Zhang, R.-Y., & Guo, F.-L. (2021) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abfdb1 · Cited by 5
The hot part of the interstellar medium
Snowden, S. L. (2001) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-010-0320-9_26 · Cited by 7
Self-citationGamma-ray all-sky imaging with the Burst and Transient Source Experiment
Shaw, S. E., Westmore, M. J., Hill, A. B., Bird, A. J., Dean, A. J., Ferguson, C., Knödlseder, J., Lockley, J. J., & Willis, D. R. (2004) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20034026 · Cited by 7
“In high energy astronomy all-sky images have been provided between 0.1−2 keV by ROSAT (Snowden et al. 1997) and >1 MeV by COMPTEL (Oberlack et al. 1996; Schönfelder et al. 2000), but there is sparse information in the intervening band, provided almost exclusively by the HEAO1-A4 experiment of 1978−79 (Levine et al. 1…”
MethodInfluentialGSH 90-28-17: a possible old supernova remnant
Li, X., & Zhu, M. (2013) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stt2258 · Cited by 7
“We check the diffuse X-ray emission towards GSH90-28-17, using the publicly available data from the ROS AT all-sky background survey (Snowden et al. 1997).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialX-ray Surveys of the Obscured Universe
Hasinger, G. (2000) · Lecture notes in physics · doi:10.1007/3-540-45553-1_53 · Cited by 7
X-Ray Searches for Emission from the WHIM in the Galactic Halo and the Intergalactic MediumPreprint
Bregman, J. N., Otte, B., Irwin, J. A., Putman, M. E., Lloyd-Davies, E., & Brüns, C. (2013) · Cited by 7
Cosmology and Astrophysics with the Diffuse eRASS1 X-Ray Angular Power Spectrum
Lau, E. T., Bogdán, Á., Nagai, D., Cappelluti, N., & Shirasaki, M. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adba5b · Cited by 6
“Until recently, ROSAT was the only X-ray observation with a large sky coverage (Snowden et al. 1997), but with its limited sensitivity, it had only led to an upper limit on σ 8 (Diego et al. 2003).”
The All-sky Impact of the LMC on the Milky Way Circumgalactic Medium
Carr, C., Bryan, G. L., Garavito-Camargo, N., Besla, G., Setton, D. J., Johnston, K. V., & Su, K.-Y. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adbf1d · Cited by 6
“All-sky maps of the X-ray surface brightness have been completed by space-based telescopes such as ROSAT (Snowden et al. 1997) and recently eROSITA (eRASS, Zheng et al. 2024a,b), in addition to X-ray studies of the diffuse emission surrounding the LMC (Gulick et al. 2021; Locatelli et al. 2024).”
Zhang, Y., Sun, T., Carter, J. A., Sembay, S. F., Koutroumpa, D., Ji, L., Liu, W., & Wang, C. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acc326 · Cited by 6
“In statistical studies, such a correlation was often weak or even nonexistent (Snowden et al. 1997; Carter & Sembay 2008; Kuntz & Snowden 2008; Henley & Shelton 2010; Carter et al. 2011, 2012; Henley & Shelton 2012; Kuntz et al. 2015; Whittaker et al. 2016).”
BackgroundStar formation across cosmic time
Freundlich, J. (2024) · Fundamental Plasma Physics · doi:10.1016/j.fpp.2024.100059 · Cited by 5
New ROSAT PSPC all‐sky survey maps of the diffuse soft X‐ray background
Freyberg, M. J. (1998) · Astronomische Nachrichten · doi:10.1002/asna.2123190144 · Cited by 6
Self-citationLarge‐scale distribution of interstellar matter in the central region of our Galaxy
Ferrière, K. (2008) · Astronomische Nachrichten · doi:10.1002/asna.200811054 · Cited by 6
RX J0256.5+0006: A merging cluster of galaxies atz= 0.36 observed with XMM-NEWTON
Majerowicz, S., Neumann, D. M., Romer, A. K., Nichol, R. C., Burke, D. J., & Collins, C. A. (2004) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20048005 · Cited by 6
“…exist two other kinds of background: a background induced by highly energetic particles which is relatively constant with time and is well described by our used blank sky observations, and the cosmic X-ray background (hereafter cxb) which is dependent on the sky position (see Snowden et al. 1997).”
BackgroundResults from a deepRXTE/PCA scan across the Galactic plane
Revnivtsev, M. G., & Molkov, S. (2012) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21399.x · Cited by 6
Gamma-Ray All-Sky Imaging with the Burst and Transient Source Experiment
Shaw, S. E., Westmore, M., Hill, A. B., Bird, A. J., Dean, A. J., Ferguson, C., Knödlseder, J., Lockley, J. J., & Willis, D. R. (2004) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20034026/pdf · Cited by 6
Tracing the Origins of Hot Halo Gas in Milky Way–type Galaxies with SMUGGLE
张, Z. 志. Z., Zhang, X., Li, H., Fang, T., Luo, Y., Marinacci, F., Sales, L. V., Torrey, P., Vogelsberger, M., Yu, Q., et al. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae019f · Cited by 5
“2 × 10 39 erg s − 1 ; Snowden et al. 1997; Miller & Bregman 2015) and for external disk galaxies with M ∗ and SFR comparable to the MW (gray band).”
Cosmic ray transport and anisotropies to high energies
Biermann, P. L., Caramete, L., Meli, A., Nath, B. N., Seo, E. S., de Souza, V., & Tjus, J. B. (2015) · ASTRA Proceedings · doi:10.5194/ap-2-39-2015 · Cited by 5
“…isotropic; 2) The ISM has several phases, with vastly different temperatures and densities, with the most tenuous medium of a density of order 10−2.5/cc (Cox and Smith, 1974; Lagage and Cesarsky, 1983; Snowden et al., 1997); 3) Transonic flow and shocks may be quite common (Iacobelli et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe cusp plasma imaging detector (CuPID) cubesat observatory: Instrumentation
Atz, E., Walsh, B. M., O'Brien, C., Collier, M. R., Berman, A. L., Billingsley, L. J., Blake, J. B., Broll, J., Chornay, D. J., Crain, W. R., et al. (2022) · Review of Scientific Instruments · doi:10.1063/5.0085534 · Cited by 5
The Plane Quasar Survey: First Data Release
Werk, J., Tchernyshyov, K., Bish, H., Zheng, Y., Putman, M., Peek, J., & Schiminovich, D. (2024) · Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ad58df · Cited by 7
“Additionally, there is strong evidence for a more localized, high-energy biconical wind emanating directly from the Galactic center, observed in emission in hard and soft X-rays, in absorption at UV wavelengths, in polarized radio emission, and in γ rays, referred to as the Fermi Bubble ( Snowden et al. 1997; Su et al…”
Unlocking Discovery Potential for Decaying Dark Matter and Faint X-Ray Sources with XRISM
Zhou, Y., Takhistov, V., & Mitsuda, K. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad83cf · Cited by 5
“However, ROSAT hot gas map at 3/4 keV (Snowden et al. 1997) and eROSITA all-sky map suggest that significant amount of hot bubble (i.e. “eROSITA bubble”) emission contaminates this region (Predehl et al. 2020; Gupta et al. 2023; Liu et al. 2024).”
Does the Milky Way launch a large-scale wind?
Everett, J. E., Zweibel, E. G., Benjamin, R. A., McCammon, D., Rocks, L., Cox, D. P., & Gallagher, J. S. (2007) · Astrophysics and Space Science · doi:10.1007/s10509-007-9532-6 · Cited by 5
Self-citationX-RAY SHADOWING EXPERIMENTS TOWARD INFRARED DARK CLOUDS
Anderson, L. D., Snowden, S. L., & Bania, T. M. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/721/2/1319 · Cited by 5
“We have five spectra for each cloud: on– and off–cloud spectra for both MOS detectors, as well as a ROSAT All Sky Survey (RASS; Snowden et al. 1997) 1The notation for this model is that of XSPEC V11; in more recent versions the “/b” has been dropped.”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationCosmic Ray- and Thermal-Pressure Driven Winds: Does the Milky Way Host a Kpc-Scale Outflow?
Everett, J. E., Zweibel, E. G., Benjamin, B., McCammon, D., Schiller, Q., Rocks, L., & Gallagher, J. S. (2012) · EAS Publications Series · doi:10.1051/eas/1256008 · Cited by 5
Self-citationA Deprojection Analysis of Abell 1650 with XMM-Newton
Jia, S.-M., Chen, Y., & Chen, L. (2006) · 天文和天体物理学研究：英文版 · doi:10.1088/1009-9271/6/2/6 · Cited by 5
“It dominates at high energy and is not affected by the telescope vignetting. ii) Cosmic X-ray Background (CXB): the CXB varies across the sky (Snowden et al. 1997) and is more important at the low energy.”
BackgroundGatuzz, E., Kh., S. R., Kallman, T. R., Kreikenbohm, A., Oertel, M., Wilms, J., & García, J. A. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1738 · Cited by 5
“The hot ionized medium (HIM) can be probed using soft X-ray emission (Snowden et al. 1997; Henley & Shelton 2010), but owing to its path length through the galactic disc it can be observed only for a fraction of the galaxy.”
BackgroundBayesian decomposition of the Galactic multi-frequency sky using probabilistic autoencoders
Milosevic, S., Frank, P., Leike, R., Müller, A., & Enßlin, T. A. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039435 · Cited by 5
Gamma-rays from the circumgalactic medium of M31
Roy, M., & Nath, B. B. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1465 · Cited by 5
Limits on Leptonic TeV Emission from the Cygnus Cocoon with Swift-XRT
Guevel, D. J., Beardmore, A. P., Page, K. L., Lien, A. Y., Fang, K., Tibaldo, L., Casanova, S., & Hüntemeyer, P. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/accdde · Cited by 5
Fukui, Y., Koga, M., Maruyama, S., Hayakawa, T., Okamoto, R., Yamamoto, H., Tachihara, K., Shelton, R., & Sasaki, M. (2018) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/psy120 · Cited by 5
“X-ray shadow: Another possibility is to use the soft X-rays at around 1/4 keV observed with ROSAT to identify shadow due to X-ray absorption.”
MethodGamma rays at very high energies
Aharonian, F. (2013) · Saas-Fee Advanced Course · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-36134-0_1 · Cited by 3
Modeling the Local Interstellar Medium
Breitschwerdt, D. (2001) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-010-0686-6_17 · Cited by 5
Cold positrons from decaying dark matter
Lotfi Boubekeur, A., Dodelson, S., & Vives, O. M. (2012) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.86.103520 · Cited by 5
Génova-Santos, R., Padilla-Torres, C. P., Rubiño-Martín, J. A., Gutiérrez, C. M., & Rebolo, R. (2010) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16222.x · Cited by 5
“On the other hand, there is not any excess in this region of X-ray flux in the ROSATR6 (0.73-1.56 keV, Snowden et al. 1997) map.”
BackgroundInfluentialA cross-correlation of WMAP and ROSAT
Diego, J. M., Silk, J. I., & Śliwa, W. (2003) · New Astronomy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.newar.2003.07.016 · Cited by 5
“On the other hand, the ROSAT All-Sky Survey data (RASS, see Snowden et al. 1997) is presented in a set of bands (≈ 0.1− 2 keV).”
MethodInfluentialA new view of the LHB and 1/4 keV X-ray halo
Snowden, S. L. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/bfb0104703 · Cited by 5
Self-citationBonamente, M., Lieu, R., & Kaastra, J. S. (2005) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053169/pdf · Cited by 5
Modelling the selection of galaxy groups with end-to-end simulations
Seppi, R., Eckert, D., Finoguenov, A., Shreeram, S., Tempel, E., Gozaliasl, G., Lorenz, M., Wilms, J., Mamon, G. A., Gastaldello, F., et al. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202553977 · Cited by 4
“We merge the individual band 4-7 RASS background maps (Snowden et al. 1997) 3 into a single map in the 0.44-2.05 keV band, summing the count rates from each individual band.”
InfluentialZhang, Y., Sun, T., Carter, J. A., Liu, W., Sembay, S. F., Zhang, S., Ji, L., & Wang, C. (2023) · Earth and Planetary Physics · doi:10.26464/epp2023068 · Cited by 4
Simulating the LOcal Web (SLOW)
Seidel, B. A., Dolag, K., Remus, R., Sorce, J. G., Hernández-Martínez, E., Khabibullin, I. I., & Aghanim, N. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202453421 · Cited by 4
The Ism from the Soft X-ray Background Perspective
Snowden, S. L. (2004) · Astrophysics and space science library · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-2564-8_12 · Cited by 4
Self-citationINTERSTELLAR H i SHELLS IDENTIFIED IN THE SETHi SURVEY
Sallmen, S. M., Korpela, E. J., Bellehumeur, B., Tennyson, E. M., Grunwald, K., & Lo, C. M. (2015) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/149/6/189 · Cited by 4
Zhong, W., Fu, J., Sharma, P., Shen, S., & Yates, R. M. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3735 · Cited by 4
The Orion OB Association as a Generator for the Hot Circumgalactic Medium
Fuller, C. A., Kaaret, P., Bluem, J., Kuntz, K. D., Hodges-Kluck, E. J., & Jahoda, K. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acaafc · Cited by 4
“The ROSAT All Sky Survey (RASS) 3/4 keV view of our region of interest is shown in Figure 1 (see also Krause et al. 2014; Joubaud et al. 2019).”
BackgroundInfluentialSharpening up Galactic all-sky maps with complementary data
Müller, A., Hackstein, M., Greiner, M., Frank, P., Bomans, D. J., Dettmar, R.-J., & Enßlin, T. A. (2018) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833604 · Cited by 4
“The ROentgen SATellite (ROSAT) is an X-ray survey measuring the diffuse components and point sources as well as scattered solar photons and the particle background (Snowden et al. 1995, 1997; Freyberg 1998; Freyberg & Egger 1999) over the whole sky.”
MethodModeling the local bubble using multiple supernova remnants
Smith, R. K., & Cox, D. P. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/bfb0104707 · Cited by 4
Snowden, S. L. (2008) · Space sciences series of ISSI · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0247-4_20 · Cited by 4
Self-citationStar formation in a diffuse high-altitude cloud?
Kerp, J., Lenz, D., & Röhser, T. (2016) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201526984 · Cited by 4
“ROSAT all–sky survey data (Snowden & Schmitt 1990; Snowden et al. 1997) are analyzed to evaluate the soft X-ray shadow of HRK 81.4-77.8 allow- ing to estimate its distance from the Sun.”
BackgroundInfluentialModeling the Rising Tails of Galaxy Rotation Curves
Zhang, F. (2019) · Galaxies · doi:10.3390/galaxies7010027 · Cited by 1
Heliospheric implications of structure in the interstellar medium
Frisch, P. C., & Slavin, J. D. (2005) · Advances in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.03.010 · Cited by 4
Cosmic rays, stellar evolution and supernova physics
Biermann, P. L. (2003) · New Astronomy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.newar.2003.11.006 · Cited by 4
Bhardwaj, A., Lisse, C. M., & Dennerl, K. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-415845-0.00048-7 · Cited by 4
Estimating Soft X‐Ray Emission From Uranus's Magnetosheath
Naylor, D., Ray, L. C., Dunn, W. R., Jasinski, J. M., & Paty, C. (2025) · Journal of Geophysical Research Space Physics · doi:10.1029/2025ja034171 · Cited by 3
“The cosmic diffuse soft X‐ray background (Giacconi et al., 1962) has been well mapped (Snowden et al., 1997) and is temporally fairly constant, meaning it can be removed from results to obtain a calibrated observation of the magnetosheath.”
The vertical structure and asymmetry of Mgii-enriched Gas in the Milky Way disk
Jiang, X., Fang, T., & Yan, S. (2026) · Science China Physics Mechanics and Astronomy · doi:10.1007/s11433-025-2965-5 · Cited by 3
“In the X-ray regime, Snowden et al. (1997) [57] observed enhanced soft X-ray emission in the northern hemisphere.”
Development and Testing of a Superconducting Ground Plane on Transition Edge Sensors
Marino, M., Banes, A., Ambarish, C. V., Duan, H., Jaeckel, F. T., Lesnjak, N., McCammon, D., Nowak, S., Roy, A., Xu, S., et al. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity · doi:10.1109/tasc.2024.3511545 · Cited by 3
Self-citationA possible origin of gamma rays from the Fermi Bubbles
Thoudam, S. (2014) · Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements · doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2014.10.015 · Cited by 2
In Search of an Interface between Warm and Hot Gas within the Local Bubble
Jenkins, E. B., & Gry, C. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abb1ac · Cited by 3
The ionic composition of the local absorber towards 3C 273
Gissis, I., Peretz, U., & Behar, E. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa177 · Cited by 3
“…et al. 2002; Fang et al. 2002; Rasmussen et al. 2003; Wang et al. 2005; Williams et al. 2005; Fang et al. 2006; Yao & Wang 2007; Hagihara et al. 2010), but also via the soft X-ray background (SXRB) (Snowden et al. 1997; McCammon et al. 2002; Yoshino et al. 2009; Henley & Shelton 2010, 2012).”
BackgroundSharpening up Galactic all-sky maps with complementary data
Müller, A., Hackstein, M., Greiner, M., Frank, P., Bomans, D. J., Dettmar, R. ‐., & Enßlin, T. A. (2018) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833604/pdf · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Snowden, S. L., Egger, R., Freyberg, M. J., McCammon, D., Plucinsky, P. P., Sanders, W. T., Schmitt, J. H. M. M., Trumper, J., & Voges, W.
- Affiliations
- Goddard Space Flight Center (US)
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (DE)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 1997-08-10
- Volume
- 485
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 125-135
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W1982655690
- Cited by
- 602
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 10.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- Universities Space Research Association
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
- Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
- Goddard Space Flight Center
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
- Keywords
- soft X-ray background, diffuse X-ray emission, ROSAT All-Sky Survey, Galactic Center, Loop I, Galactic bulge, hot gas, X-ray absorption, Galactic plane, collisional ionization equilibrium
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
