Cited by 602Astrophysical Phenomena and ObservationsGalaxies: Formation, Evolution, PhenomenaAstrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 53 of the 53 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

ROSAT Survey Diffuse X‐Ray Background Maps. II.

Open access

Snowden, S. L., Egger, R., Freyberg, M. J., McCammon, D., Plucinsky, P. P., Sanders, W. T., Schmitt, J. H. M. M., Trumper, J., Voges, W.·1997·The Astrophysical Journal

DOI 10.1086/304399

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

This paper presents new maps of the soft X-ray background from the ROSAT all-sky survey. These maps represent a significant improvement over the previous version in that (1) the position resolution of the PSPC has been used to improve the angular resolution from ~2° to 12', (2) there are six energy bands that divide each of the previous three into two parts, and (3) the contributions of point sources have been removed to a uniform source flux level over most of the sky. These new maps will be available in electronic format later in 1997. In this paper we also consider the bright emission in the general direction of the Galactic center in the 0.5-2.0 keV band, and the apparent absorption trough that runs through it along the Galactic plane. We find that while the northern hemisphere data are confused by emission from Loop I, the emission seen south of the plane is consistent with a bulge of hot gas surrounding the Galactic center (in our simple model, a cylinder with an exponential fall-off of density with height above the plane). The cylinder has a radial extent of ~5.6 kpc. The X-ray emitting gas has a scale height of 1.9 kpc, an in-plane electron density of ~0.0035 cm -3 , a temperature of ~10 6.6 K, a thermal pressure of ~28,000 cm -3 K, and a total luminosity of ~2 × 10 39 ergs s -1 using a collisional ionization equilibrium (CIE) plasma emission model.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1086/304399

Cites

53 of 53 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

H I In The Galaxy
Dickey, J. M., & Lockman, F. J. (1990) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.28.090190.001243 · Cited by 4,364
Interstellar photoelectric absorption cross sections, 0.03-10 keV
Morrison, R., & McCammon, D. (1983) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/161102 · Cited by 1,755
Self-citation
Soft X-ray spectrum of a hot plasma
RAYMOND, J. C., & Smith, B. W. (1977) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1086/190486 · Cited by 1,353
A composite CO survey of the entire Milky Way
Dame, T. M., Ungerechts, H., Cohen, R. S., Geus, E. J. D., Grenier, I. A., May, J., Murphy, D. C., Nyman, L. Å., & Thaddeus, P. (1987) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/165766 · Cited by 672
The ROSAT mission
Trümper, J. E. (1982) · Advances in Space Research · doi:10.1016/0273-1177(82)90070-9 · Cited by 497
Classified Advertising
etal (1997) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/00043764-199707000-00017 · Cited by 483
The Local Interstellar Medium
Cox, D. P., & Reynolds, R. J. (1987) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.25.090187.001511 · Cited by 430
Analysis procedures for ROSAT XRT/PSPC observations of extended objects and the diffuse background
Snowden, S. L., McCammon, D., Burrows, D. N., & Mendenhall, J. A. (1994) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/173925 · Cited by 323
Self-citation
First Maps of the Soft X-Ray Diffuse Background from the ROSAT XRT/PSPC All-Sky Survey
Snowden, S. L., Freyberg, M. J., Plucinsky, P. P., Schmitt, J. H. M. M., Truemper, J. E., Voges, W. H., Edgar, R. J., McCammon, D., & Sanders, W. T., III (1995) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/176517 · Cited by 270
Self-citation
The Focal Plane Instrumentation Of The ROSAT Telescope
Pfeffermann, E., Briel, U. G., Hippmann, H., Kettenring, G., Metzner, G., Predehl, P., Reger, G., Stephan, K. H., Zombeck, M. V., Chappell, J., et al. (1986) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.964956 · Cited by 242

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 53 references

Research works printed but not linked: 15

Berkhuijsen E. M., 1971, A&A, 14, 252
Columb F. R., 1980, A&AS, 40, 47
de Geus E. J., 1992, A&A, 262, 258
de Geus E. J., 1989, A&A, 216, 44
Egger, R. 1994, Ph.D. thesis, Technische Univ. Munchen
Egger R., 1995, PASP, 80, 45
Freyberg, M. J. 1994, Ph.D. thesis, Technische Univ. Munchen
Garmire G. P., 1981, BAAS, 13, 786
Greisen, E. W. & Calabretta, M. 1996, preprint
Hasinger G., 1993, A&A, 275, 1
Herbstmeier U., 1995, A&A, 298, 606
Pietsch W., 1994, A&A, 284, 386
Trumper J., 1992, QJRAS, 33, 165
Voges, W. 1992, in Proc. Satellite Symp. 3, Space Science with Particular Emphasis on High-energy Astrophysics, ed. T. D. Guyenne & J. J. Hunt (Noordwijk: ESA), 9
Voges, W., etal 1992, in Proc. Satellite Symp. 3, Space Science with Particular Emphasis on High-energy Astrophysics, ed. T. D. Guyenne & J. J. Hunt (Noordwijk: ESA), 223

Sorted by citations

The Galaxy in Context: Structural, Kinematic, and Integrated Properties
Bland-Hawthorn, J., & Gerhard, O. (2016) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081915-023441 · Cited by 1,656
“…in absorption, and in high-resolution X-ray spectra (Paerels & Kahn 2003) of a nearly ubiquitous soft X-ray background with energies in the range of 0.1–1.0 keV (implying temperatures of ∼106−7 K), with some contribution of OVII and OVIII in emission (Snowden et al. 1997, Henley & Shelton 2012).”
BackgroundInfluential
GIANT GAMMA-RAY BUBBLES FROM FERMI-LAT: ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS ACTIVITY OR BIPOLAR GALACTIC WIND?
Su, M., Slatyer, T., & Finkbeiner, D. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/724/2/1044 · Cited by 756
“…data up to ∼ 100GeV, with sufficient angular resolution to map out interesting structures.4 At lower energies, the ROSAT All-Sky Survey at 1.5 keV (Snowden et al. 1997) revealed a biconical X-ray structure over the inner tens of degrees around the Galactic center (GC), later interpreted as a…”
BackgroundInfluential
CHANDRASTUDIES OF THE X-RAY GAS PROPERTIES OF GALAXY GROUPS
Sun, M., Voit, G. M., Donahue, M. E., Jones, C. J., Forman, W., & Vikhlinin, A. A. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/693/2/1142 · Cited by 599
Highly Ionized High‐Velocity Gas in the Vicinity of the Galaxy
Sembach, K. R., Wakker, B. P., Savage, B. D., Richter, P., Meade, M., Shull, J. M., Jenkins, E. B., Sonneborn, G., & Moos, H. W. (2003) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1086/346231 · Cited by 479
“The soft X-ray data points are from the ROSAT all-sky survey (Snowden et al. 1997) and are R1+R2 band averages of the eight 120 pixels ( 1150 arcmin2 total) surrounding each sight line, ignoring the pixel directly along the sight line to avoid the X-ray emission from the background AGN or QSO being…”
Method
Multiphase galaxy formation: high-velocity clouds and the missing baryon problem
Maller, A. H., & Bullock, J. S. (2004) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08349.x · Cited by 468
The Three-Phase Interstellar Medium Revisited
Cox, D. P. (2005) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.43.072103.150615 · Cited by 417
“From Snowden et al. (1997), the conversion from EM to ROSAT surface brightness units in this range is 7000 T6.”
BackgroundInfluential
SRG X-ray orbital observatory
Sunyaev, R., Arefiev, V., Babyshkin, V., Bogomolov, A., Borisov, K., Buntov, M., Brunner, H., Burenin, R., Churazov, E., Coutinho, D., et al. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141179 · Cited by 390
Self-citation
A catalog of galaxy clusters observed by XMM-Newton
Snowden, S. L., Mushotzky, R. F., Kuntz, K. D., & Davis, D. S. (2007) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077930 · Cited by 383
“7 displays the ROSAT All-Sky Survey (RASS) sky maps in the 14 keV, 3 4 keV, and 1.5 keV band from Snowden et al. (1997).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
A High Spectral Resolution Observation of the Soft X‐Ray Diffuse Background with Thermal Detectors
McCammon, D., Almy, R., Apodaca, E., Tiest, W. M. B., Cui, W., Deiker, S. W., Galeazzi, M., Juda, M., Lesser, A., Mihara, T., et al. (2002) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/341727 · Cited by 376
Self-citation
The Search for the Missing Baryons at Low Redshift
Bregman, J. N. (2007) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.45.051806.110619 · Cited by 346
“The first one varies in time and can produce dramatic background flares while the second varies around the Galaxy, and while that is roughly known (Snowden et al., 1997), it is not known with precision on the scale of Chandra or XMM fields.”
Background
Physical Processes in the Interstellar Medium
Klessen, R., & Glover, S. (2014) · Saas-Fee Advanced Course · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-47890-5_2 · Cited by 264
“The estimate for the Galactic synchrotron emission is taken from Draine (2011) and the one for the X-ray flux from Snowden et al. (1997).”
Background
Detection of a non-Gaussian spot in WMAP
Cruz, M., Martínez-González, E., Vielva, P., & Cayón, L. (2004) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08419.x · Cited by 338
Reproducibility of Non-X-Ray Background for the X-Ray Imaging Spectrometer aboard Suzaku
Tawa, N., Hayashida, K., Nagai, M., Nakamoto, H., Tsunemi, H., Yamaguchi, H., Ishisaki, Y., Miller, E. D., Mizuno, T., Dotani, T., et al. (2008) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/60.sp1.s11 · Cited by 332
“Snowden et al. (1997) proposed a model which provides their spectra based on the ROSAT all sky survey.”
Background
THE SPECTRUM AND MORPHOLOGY OF THE FERMI BUBBLES
Ackermann, M., Albert, A., Atwood, W. B., Baldini, L., Ballet, J., Barbiellini, G., Bastieri, D., Bellazzini, R., Bissaldi, E., Blandford, R. D., et al. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/793/1/64 · Cited by 328
“0.01 cm−3 at a few kpc from the Galactic plane (Snowden et al. 1997), and can be neglected.”
BackgroundInfluential
The Large‐Scale Bipolar Wind in the Galactic Center
Bland‐Hawthorn, J., & Cohen, M. (2003) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/344573 · Cited by 301
“Introduction The NPS extends 80 in Galactic latitude perpendicular to the plane and is the largest projected structure seen at X-ray and radio wavelengths (Berkhuijsen 1972; Haslam et al. 1974; Snowden et al. 1997; Sofue 2000).”
Background
The Milky Way’s Kiloparsec‐Scale Wind: A Hybrid Cosmic‐Ray and Thermally Driven Outflow
Everett, J. E., Zweibel, E. G., Benjamin, R. A., McCammon, D., Rocks, L., & Gallagher, J. S. (2008) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/524766 · Cited by 288
Self-citation
Images, Structural Properties, and Metal Abundances of Galaxy Clusters Observed withChandraACIS‐I at 0.1 <z< 1.3
Maughan, B. J., Jones, C. J., Forman, W., & Speybroeck, L. V. (2008) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1086/521225 · Cited by 285
“This was tested by correlating the cluster fluxes and background scaling factors with the 0.75 keV X-ray background flux measured in the ROSAT all-sky survey (Snowden et al. 1997) in an annulus of 0.5 deg−1 deg centered on each cluster.”
MethodInfluential
Progress on Establishing the Spatial Distribution of Material Responsible for the \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \usepackage[OT2,OT1]{fontenc} \newcommand\cyr{ \renewcommand\rmdefault{wncyr} \renewcommand\sfdefault{wncyss} \renewcommand\encodingdefault{OT2} \normalfont \selectfont} \DeclareTextFontCommand{\textcyr}{\cyr} \pagestyle{empty} \DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \begin{document} \landscape $\frac{1}{4}$ \end{document} keV Soft X‐Ray Diffuse Background Local and Halo Components
Snowden, S. L., Egger, R., Finkbeiner, D. P., Freyberg, M. J., & Plucinsky, P. P. (1998) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/305135 · Cited by 276
Self-citation
XMM‐Newton Observation of Solar Wind Charge Exchange Emission
Snowden, S. L., Collier, M. R., & Kuntz, K. D. (2004) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/421841 · Cited by 273
Self-citation
The XXL Survey
Pierre, M., Pacaud, F., Adami, C., Aliş, S., Altieri, B., Baran, N., Benoist, C., Birkinshaw, M., Bongiorno, A., Bremer, M., et al. (2015) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201526766 · Cited by 271
“By design, both of these directions have low Galactic column densities providing excellent views of the Galactic bulge and halo (Snowden et al. 1997).”
Self-citation
Deconstructing the Spectrum of the Soft X‐Ray Background
Kuntz, K. D., & Snowden, S. L. (2000) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/317071 · Cited by 268
Self-citation
Study of the X-Ray Background Spectrum and Its Large-Scale Fluctuation with ASCA
Kushino, A., Ishisaki, Y., Morita, U., Yamasaki, N. Y., Ishida, M., Ohashi, T., & Ueda, Y. (2002) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/54.3.327 · Cited by 263
“In the flux range above ∼ 10−14 ergcm−2 s−1, the relation follows the uniform Euclidean relation of dN (> S)/dS ∝ S−2.5, as already indicated from 1 In Snowden et al. (1997), the scale height parameter is used for the gas density, hence we have multiplied their scale height by 0.5.”
MethodResultInfluential
Faint X‐Ray Sources Resolved in the ASCA Galactic Plane Survey and Their Contribution to the Galactic Ridge X‐Ray Emission
Sugizaki, M., Mitsuda, K., Kaneda, H., Matsuzaki, K., Yamauchi, S., & Koyama, K. (2001) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1086/320358 · Cited by 260
“The most of the ROSAT sources on the Galactic plane are identified with stellar active coronae and the rest are identified with OB stars and CVs (Motch et al. 1997).”
BackgroundInfluential
CONSTRAINING THE MILKY WAY'S HOT GAS HALO WITH O VII AND O VIII EMISSION LINES
Miller, M. J., & Bregman, J. N. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/800/1/14 · Cited by 273
“The SXRB, with some contribution from O VII and O VIII emission lines, has been observed in broadband images from the ROSAT All-Sky Survey (RASS; Snowden et al. 1997), in blank-sky spectra from current X-ray telescopes (Yoshino et al. 2009; Henley & Shelton 2010, 2012), and with the Diffuse X-ray…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Fermi Bubbles: Giant, Multibillion-Year-Old Reservoirs of Galactic Center Cosmic Rays
Crocker, R. M., & Aharonian, F. (2011) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.106.101102 · Cited by 242
THE STRUCTURE OF THE MILKY WAY'S HOT GAS HALO
Miller, M., & Bregman, J. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/770/2/118 · Cited by 155
“One constraint we must address is the X-ray emission measure toward the Galactic center determined by Snowden et al. (1997) using the ROSAT all-sky survey.”
BackgroundMethod
Radial temperature profiles for a large sample of galaxy clusters observed withXMM-Newton
Leccardi, A., & Molendi, S. (2008) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200809538 · Cited by 227
“The local background should have a variation length scale of some degrees (Snowden et al. 1997); conversely,NCXB may have large (i.e. 20-100”
Background
Spatial distribution of interstellar gas in the innermost 3 kpc of our galaxy
Ferrière, K., Gillard, W., & Jean, P. (2007) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20066992 · Cited by 227
“Although part of the enhancement can be attributed to the nearby Loop I SB, Snowden et al. (1997) argued, based on the latitude profile of the excess emission, on the absorption trough running along the 7 In the rest of this section, all density estimates deduced from emission measures implicitly assume that the phase…”
BackgroundInfluential
The mass profile of A1413 observed with $\vec {XMM}$–$\vec {Newton}$: Implications for the M–T relation
Pratt, G. W., & Arnaud, M. (2002) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20021032 · Cited by 203
“However, the blank-sky data set does not necessarily represent the cosmic X-ray background (CXB), because this is variable across the sky, especially the soft X–ray component (see Snowden et al. 1997).”
Background
Distribution and Kinematics of O vi in the Galactic Halo
Savage, B. D., Sembach, K. R., Wakker, B. P., Richter, P., Meade, M. R., Jenkins, E. B., Shull, J. M., Moos, H. W., & Sonneborn, G. (2003) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1086/346229 · Cited by 202
“In Figure 19c we directly compare values of log N(O vi) with values of the 0.25 keV X-ray count rate from the ROSAT survey, log I(X).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Spatial distribution of interstellar gas in the innermost 3 kpc of our Galaxy
Ferrière, K., Gillard, W., & Jean, P. (2007) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20066992/pdf · Cited by 199
ChandraTemperature Maps for Galaxy Clusters with Radio Halos
Govoni, F., Markevitch, M. L., Vikhlinin, A. A., VanSpeybroeck, L., Feretti, L., & Giovannini, G. (2004) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/382674 · Cited by 194
THE GAMMA-RAY AND NEUTRINO SKY: A CONSISTENT PICTURE OF FERMI -LAT, MILAGRO, AND ICECUBE RESULTS
Gaggero, D., Grasso, D., Marinelli, A., Alfredo Urbano, A., & Valli, M. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/815/2/l25 · Cited by 193
Probing cosmic isotropy with a new X-ray galaxy cluster sample through the LX–T scaling relation
Migkas, K., Schellenberger, G., Reiprich, T., Pacaud, F., Ramos-Ceja, M., & Lovisari, L. (2020) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936602 · Cited by 159
“For the Chandra clusters, complementary to the S17 process, the ROSAT All-Sky survey maps in seven bands (Snowden et al. 1997) were used to better constrain the X-ray background components.”
Method
New 3D gas density maps of NaI and CaII interstellar absorption within 300 pc
Welsh, B. Y., Lallement, R., Vergely, J.-L., & Raimond, S. (2009) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200913202 · Cited by 185
“We note that in the direction of this newly discovered gap in theLC wall there is a large patch of emission revealed in both the 3/4 keV and 1/4 keV maps of the SXRB (Snowden et al 1997).”
Background
Possible evidence for dark matter annihilations from the excess microwave emission around the center of the Galaxy seen by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe
Hooper, D., Finkbeiner, D. P., & Dobler, G. (2007) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.76.083012 · Cited by 207
Energy Spectra of the Soft X-Ray Diffuse Emission in Fourteen Fields Observed with Suzaku
Yoshino, T., Mitsuda, K., Yamasaki, N. Y., Takei, Y., Hagihara, T., Masui, K., Bauer, M., McCammon, D., Fujimoto, R., Wang, Q. D., et al. (2009) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/61.4.805 · Cited by 181
“For the ROSAT map used in the present analysis, point sources with count- ing rate > 0.020 c s−1 in the R45 band were removed (Snowden et al. 1997).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citation
ChandraX‐Ray Observations of the X‐Ray Faint Elliptical Galaxy NGC 4697
Sarazin, C. L., Irwin, J. A., & Bregman, J. N. (2001) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/321618 · Cited by 179
Reproducibility of Non-X-Ray Background for the X-Ray Imaging Spectrometer aboard Suzaku
Tawa, N., Hayashida, K., Nagai, M., Nakamoto, H., Tsunemi, H., Yamaguchi, H., Ishisaki, Y., Miller, E. D., Mizuno, T., Dotani, T., et al. (2007) · JAXA Repository (JAXA) · Cited by 172
ChandraSpectra of the Soft X‐Ray Diffuse Background
Markevitch, M. L., Bautz, M. W., Biller, B. A., Butt, Y., Edgar, R., Gaetz, T. J., GARMIRE, G. P., Grant, C. E., Green, P. J., Juda, M., et al. (2003) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/345347 · Cited by 164
“One can, for example, compare the RASS R4-R5 flux (Snowden et al. 1997) for a given observation to the average R4-R5 flux for the background dataset to determine if a correction is needed (for low-b fields, it may be needed even if those wide-band fluxes are similar, since the soft spectra may…”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citation
X‐Ray Emission from the Hot Interstellar Medium and Southwest Radio Lobe of the Nearby Radio Galaxy Centaurus A
Kraft, R., Vázquez, S. E., Forman, W., Jones, C. J., Murray, S. S., Hardcastle, M. J., Worrall, D. M., & Churazov, E. (2003) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/375533 · Cited by 164
“First, they are generated from several high Galactic latitude observations, and Cen A is located in the North Polar Spur (NPS) (l ¼ 309=52, b ¼ 19=42).”
Background
Planckearly results. IX.XMM-Newtonfollow-up for validation ofPlanckcluster candidates
Aghanim, N., Arnaud, M., Ashdown, M., Aumont, J., Baccigalupi, C., Balbi, A., Banday, A. J., Barreiro, R. B., Bartelmann, M., Bartlett, J. G., et al. (2011) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201116460 · Cited by 163
Measuring cluster temperature profiles with XMM/EPIC
Arnaud, M., Neumann, D. M., Aghanim, N., Gastaud, R., Majerowicz, S., & Hughes, J. P. (2001) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20000017 · Cited by 163
A SURVEY OF EXTRAGALACTIC FARADAY ROTATION AT HIGH GALACTIC LATITUDE: THE VERTICAL MAGNETIC FIELD OF THE MILKY WAY TOWARD THE GALACTIC POLES
Mao, S. A., Gaensler, B. M., Haverkorn, M., Zweibel, E. G., Madsen, G. J., McClure‐Griffiths, N. M., Shukurov, A., & Kronberg, P. P. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/714/2/1170 · Cited by 162
“…the following maps: the HI neutral hydrogen map (Kalberla et al. 2005); the dust map (Schlegel et al. 1998); the ROSAT all sky survey Xray map (Snowden et al. 1997); the 408 MHz total synchrotron intensity map (Haslam et al. 1982); the 1.4 GHz polarized synchrotron emission map (north:…”
BackgroundInfluential
The Einstein Probe Mission
Yuan, W., Zhang, C., Chen, Y., & Ling, Z. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-4544-0_151-1 · Cited by 160
A Serendipitous Galaxy Cluster Survey withXMM: Expected Catalog Properties and Scientific Applications
Romer, A. K., Viana, P. T. P., Liddle, A. R., & Mann, R. G. (2001) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/318382 · Cited by 160
“…and extragalactic components) is known to vary considerably across the sky, but most of this variation is confined to low energies (< 1 keV, Snowden et al. 1997), and so this should not have a significant effect on the average signal–to–noise values for cluster detections we calculate in…”
Background
X-rays from solar system objects
Bhardwaj, A., Elsner, R. F., Gladstone, G. R., Cravens, T. E., Lisse, C. M., Dennerl, K., Branduardi-Raymont, G., Wargelin, B. J., Waite, J. H., Robertson, I. P., et al. (2007) · Planetary and Space Science · doi:10.1016/j.pss.2006.11.009 · Cited by 152
Self-citation
THE FERMI BUBBLES: SUPERSONIC ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS JETS WITH ANISOTROPIC COSMIC-RAY DIFFUSION
Yang, H.-Y. K., Ruszkowski, M., Ricker, P. M., Zweibel, E., & Lee, D. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/761/2/185 · Cited by 147
“However, the general success in reproducing the observed X-ray features provides a strong support for the hypothesis that both the Fermi bubbles and the ROSAT X-ray features originate from the same episode of jet activity from the central SMBH.”
BackgroundInfluential
ChandraObservations of the “Dark” Moon and Geocoronal Solar Wind Charge Transfer
Wargelin, B. J., Markevitch, M. L., Juda, M., Kharchenko, V. A., Edgar, R., & Dalgarno, A. (2004) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/383410 · Cited by 143
“The finalROSATAll-Sky Survey (RASS) diffuse background maps (Snowden et al. 1995, 1997) removed the LTEs, so far 1 bwargelin@cfa.harvard.edu 2 Also IKI, Moscow, Russia as possible, by comparing multiple observations of the same part of the sky, but any constant or slowly varying (τ & 1 week)…”
X‐Ray Absorption from the Milky Way Halo and the Local Group
Bregman, J. N., & Lloyd-Davies, E. (2007) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/521321 · Cited by 141
“The 1/4 keV X-ray background is dominated by the gas within a few hundred parsecs of the Sun, plus a flattened hot halo of height 2 kpc (Snowden et al. 1997).”
Background
An X-ray chimney extending hundreds of parsecs above and below the Galactic Centre
Ponti, G., Hofmann, F., Churazov, E., Morris, M. R., Haberl, F., Nandra, K., Terrier, R., Clavel, M., & Goldwurm, A. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1009-6 · Cited by 139
H.E.S.S. observations of RX J1713.7−3946 with improved angular and spectral resolution: Evidence for gamma-ray emission extending beyond the X-ray emitting shell
Abdalla, H., Abramowski, A., Aharonian, F., Benkhali, F. A., Akhperjanian, A. G., Andersson, T., Angüner, E. O., Arrieta, M., Aubert, P., Backes, M., et al. (2017) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629790 · Cited by 140
“It was discovered in the ROSAT allsky survey (Pfeffermann & Aschenbach 1996) and has an estimated distance of 1 kpc (Fukui et al. 2003).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
The boundary conditions of the heliosphere: photoionization models constrained by interstellar and in situ data
Slavin, J. D., & Frisch, P. C. (2008) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078101 · Cited by 138
“Refinements to this picture have been required by ROSAT data showing absorption by relatively distant clouds (e.g. MBM12, Snowden et al. 1993).”
TheFar Ultraviolet Spectroscopic ExplorerSurvey of O vi Absorption in the Disk of the Milky Way
Bowen, D. V., Jenkins, E. B., Tripp, T. M., Sembach, K. R., Savage, B. D., Moos, H. W., Oegerle, W. R., Friedman, S. D., Gry, C., Kruk, J. W., et al. (2008) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1086/524773 · Cited by 138
“The precise interpretation of the emissivity at different energies is somewhat complicated, and is discussed in detail by Snowden et al. (1997).”
Background
Extrasolar Giant Planets and X‐Ray Activity
Kashyap, V. L., Drake, J. J., & Saar, S. H. (2008) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/591922 · Cited by 134
“4 keV band at the location of the source and the accumulated exposure time (in the all-sky maps from the survey; Snowden et al. 1997).”
Background
Suzaku Observations of Abell 1795: Cluster Emission to r200
Bautz, M. W., Miller, E. D., Sanders, J. S., Arnaud, K. A., Mushotzky, R. F., Porter, F. S., Hayashida, K., Henry, J. P., Hughes, J. P., Kawaharada, M., et al. (2009) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/61.5.1117 · Cited by 130
“We used the X-ray Background Tool3 (Snowden et al. 1997) provided by NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center to extract the ROSAT spectrum for this region.”
Method
The Evolution of Structure in X‐Ray Clusters of Galaxies
Jeltema, T. E., CANIZARES, C. R., Bautz, M. W., & Buote, D. A. (2005) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/428940 · Cited by 129
“Another check performedwas a comparison of the soft band flux for the cluster pointings versus the pointings included in the background files using the ROSAT All-SkySurvey (RASS)R4–R5 band data (Snowden et al. 1997).”
Method
The Cygnus superbubble revisited
Uyanıker, B., Fürst, E., Reich, W., Aschenbach, B., & Wielebinski, R. (2001) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20010387 · Cited by 129
“Another way of obtaining the temperature variations in the PSPC survey maps has been introduced by Snowden et al. (1997).”
Background
The Ionization of Nearby Interstellar Gas
Slavin, J. D., & Frisch, P. C. (2002) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/324495 · Cited by 128
“The diffuse soft X-ray background (SXRB, 0.1–1 keV) is also very important to cloud ioniza- tion, and has been observed over the entire sky by the Wisconsin Group using sounding rockets (McCammon et al. 1983) and with the ROSAT satellite (Snowden et al. 1997).”
Influential
Interstellar Medium Absorption Profile Spectrograph Observations of Interstellar Neutral Argon and the Implications for Partially Ionized Gas
Sofia, U. J., & Jenkins, E. B. (1998) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/305684 · Cited by 127
Gamma-ray sky points to radial gradients in cosmic-ray transport
Gaggero, D., Alfredo Urbano, A., Valli, M., & Ullio, P. (2015) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.91.083012 · Cited by 140
Wild at Heart:-The Particle Astrophysics of the Galactic Centre
Crocker, R., Jones, D., Aharonian, F., Law, C., Melia, F., Oka, T., & Ott, J. (2010) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.18170.x · Cited by 107
X-ray observations of the galaxy cluster PKS 0745−191: to the virial radius, and beyond
George, M. R., Fabian, A. C., Sanders, J. S., Young, A. J., & Russell, H. R. (2009) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.14547.x · Cited by 122
XMM-NEWTONDETECTS A HOT GASEOUS HALO IN THE FASTEST ROTATING SPIRAL GALAXY UGC 12591
Dai, X., Anderson, M. E., Bregman, J. N., & Miller, J. M. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/755/2/107 · Cited by 121
“We compared this flux range with the one estimated from the x-ray Background Tool (Snowden et al. 1997) provided by NASA HEASARC using RASS.”
Method
[ITAL]Chandra[/ITAL] Temperature Map of A754 and Constraints on Thermal Conduction
Markevitch, M. L., Mazzotta, P., Vikhlinin, A. A., Burke, D. J., Butt, Y., David, L. P., Donnelly, H., Forman, W., Harris, D. E., Kim, D. ‐., et al. (2003) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/374656 · Cited by 121
“From theROSAT AllSky Survey (Snowden et al. 1997), there is no soft Galactic excess at the cluster position, so no additional background modeling was necessary.”
Background
A UNIFIED MODEL OF THE FERMI BUBBLES, MICROWAVE HAZE, AND POLARIZED RADIO LOBES: REVERSE SHOCKS IN THE GALACTIC CENTER’S GIANT OUTFLOWS
Crocker, R. M., Bicknell, G. V., Taylor, A. M., & Carretti, E. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/808/2/107 · Cited by 120
“The total cooling luminosity, Lcool shell, of the compression shell, R3, should not exceed the upper limit on the bolometric luminosity of the X-ray bulge, which, conservatively, is 1040 erg s−1 (Snowden et al. 1997; Almy et al. 2000).”
Background
Fermi Gamma-Ray “Bubbles” from Stochastic Acceleration of Electrons
Mertsch, P., & Sarkar, S. (2011) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.107.091101 · Cited by 119
SUZAKU OBSERVATIONS OF THE DIFFUSE X-RAY EMISSION ACROSS THE FERMI BUBBLES' EDGES
Kataoka, J., Tahara, M., Totani, T., Sofue, Y., Stawarz, Ł., Takahashi, Y., Takeuchi, Y., Tsunemi, H., Kimura, M., Takei, Y., et al. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/779/1/57 · Cited by 118
“…estimated from the spectral model fits of the Suzaku (or XMM) data (see Table 2), while the minimum and maximum counting rates in the ROSAT map (Snowden et al. 1995, 1997) are given to indicate approximately the fluctuations present in the ROSAT data centered on the same observing region…”
BackgroundMethod
Multiple Supernova Remnant Models of the Local Bubble and the Soft X‐Ray Background
Smith, R. K., & Cox, D. P. (2001) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1086/320850 · Cited by 116
“ÏÏ In particular, toward b CMa (lD 226¡, b D [14¡, d \ 153 ^ 10 pc), the ““ region of bizarre emptiness,ÏÏ very little intervening material has been found over a considerable distance, and yet the SXRB does not appear to be correspondingly bright in that direction (Snowden et al. 1997).”
Background
Cosmic ray feedback in galaxies and galaxy clusters
Ruszkowski, M., & Pfrommer, C. (2023) · The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review · doi:10.1007/s00159-023-00149-2 · Cited by 71
The Quiescent X‐Ray Spectrum of the Neutron Star in Centaurus X‐4 Observed withChandra/ACIS‐S
Rutledge, R. E., Bildsten, L., Brown, E. F., Pavlov, G. G., & Zavlin, V. E. (2001) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/320247 · Cited by 115
“75 keV; Snowden et al. 1997 ; Fig.”
PROBING THE FERMI BUBBLES IN ULTRAVIOLET ABSORPTION: A SPECTROSCOPIC SIGNATURE OF THE MILKY WAY'S BICONICAL NUCLEAR OUTFLOW
Fox, A. J., Bordoloi, R., Savage, B. D., Lockman, F. J., Jenkins, E. B., Wakker, B. P., Bland-Hawthorn, J., Hernandez, S., Kim, T.-S., Benjamin, R. A., et al. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/799/1/l7 · Cited by 126
“…this sightline is the only AGN direction in our sample that passes through the biconical region of enhanced ROSAT 1.5 keV X-ray emission centered on the GC (Snowden et al. 1997), where the γ-ray emission is also strong since the direction intersects the base of the northern FB (Su et al. 2010).”
BackgroundInfluential
A Catalog of Soft X‐Ray Shadows, and More Contemplation of the \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \usepackage[OT2,OT1]{fontenc} \newcommand\cyr{ \renewcommand\rmdefault{wncyr} \renewcommand\sfdefault{wncyss} \renewcommand\encodingdefault{OT2} \normalfont \selectfont} \DeclareTextFontCommand{\textcyr}{\cyr} \pagestyle{empty} \DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \begin{document} \landscape $\frac{1}{4}$ \end{document} keV Background
Snowden, S. L., Freyberg, M. J., Kuntz, K. D., & Sanders, W. T., III (2000) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1086/313378 · Cited by 114
Self-citation
SIXTE: a generic X-ray instrument simulation toolkit
Dauser, T., Falkner, S., Lorenz, M., Kirsch, C., Peille, P., Cucchetti, E., Schmid, C., Brand, T., Oertel, M., Smith, R. K., et al. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935978 · Cited by 112
“…of several different SIMPUT files, including the complete ROSAT All-Sky Survey (RASS; Voges et al. 1999), the extended ROSAT soft X-ray background (Snowden et al. 1997), 589 variable bright sources from the RXTE-ASM, including their light curves, the Galactic ridge emission from unresolved…”
Background
XMM-Newton confirmation of soft X-ray excess emission in clusters of galaxies – The discovery of O VII emission from an extended warm baryonic component
Kaastra, J. S., Lieu, R., Tamura, T., Paerels, F. B. S., & den Herder, J.-W. (2002) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20021514 · Cited by 109
“The latter may be rebutted by noting that (a) when the ROSAT PSPC data of many clusters were analyzed or re-analyzed using the correct absorption code by the authors mentioned in the previous paragraph, a soft X-ray excess was discovered; (b) also pointed out earlier isthe radially rising importance of the soft compon…”
MethodInfluential
Entropy scaling in galaxy clusters: Insights from anXMM-Newtonobservation of the poor cluster A1983
Pratt, G. W., & Arnaud, M. (2003) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030844 · Cited by 108
“…et al. (2002), while the blanksky observations provide an adequate description of the hard X-ray and instrumental components of the XMM-Newton background, they do not necessarily represent the soft X-ray component of the background, because this is variable across the sky (see Snowden et al. 1997).”
Background
XMM-Newton discovery of an X-ray filament in Coma
Finoguenov, A., Briel, U. G., & Henry, J. P. (2003) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20031319 · Cited by 107
“We first compare the fluxes implied by our analysis to those in the RASS data as presented in Snowden et al. (1997).”
Influential
The Galactic Halo Contribution to the Dispersion Measure of Extragalactic Fast Radio Bursts
Yamasaki, S., & Totani, T. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab58c4 · Cited by 104
Bipolar Hypershell Galactic Center Starburst Model: Further Evidence from ROSAT Data and New Radio and X‐Ray Simulations
Sofue, Y. (2000) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/309297 · Cited by 102
“Snowden et al. (1997) have further noticed cylindrical features in the R45 and R67 (1.5 keV) band maps, which emerge from the central Galactic disk toward the halo.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Planck 2015 results - XXV. Diffuse low-frequency Galactic foregrounds
Ade, P. A. R., Aghanim, N., Alves, M. I. R., Arnaud, M., Ashdown, M., Aumont, J., Baccigalupi, C., Banday, A. J., Barreiro, R. B., Bartlett, J. G., et al. (2015) · Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201526803 · Cited by 103
The gas fractions of dark matter haloes hosting simulated ∼L⋆ galaxies are governed by the feedback history of their black holes
Davies, J., Crain, R. A., McCarthy, I. G., Oppenheimer, B. D., Schaye, J., Schaller, M., & McAlpine, S. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz635 · Cited by 105
X‐Ray Absorption Line Spectroscopy of the Galactic Hot Interstellar Medium
Yao, Y., & Wang, Q. D. (2005) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/429537 · Cited by 101
“Indeed, it has been studied extensively with broadband X-ray observations, producing all-sky maps of the diffuse soft X-ray background (SXB; e.g., Snowden et al. 1997).”
Background
Interstellar Dust in the Solar System
Mann, I. B. (2010) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081309-130846 · Cited by 101
Suzaku Observations of Abell 1795: Cluster Emission to R_200Preprint
Bautz, M. W., Miller, E. D., Sanders, J. S., Arnaud, K. A., Mushotzky, R. F., Porter, F. S., Hayashida, K., Henry, J. P., Hughes, J. P., Kawaharada, M., et al. (2009) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.0906.3515 · Cited by 99
“We used the X-ray Background Tool3 (Snowden et al. 1997) provided by NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center to extract the ROSAT spectrum for this region.”
Method
Hot Atmospheres, Cold Gas, AGN Feedback and the Evolution of Early Type Galaxies: A Topical Perspective
Werner, N., McNamara, B. R., Churazov, E., & Scannapieco, E. S. (2018) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-018-0571-9 · Cited by 98
FERMI BUBBLES INFLATED BY WINDS LAUNCHED FROM THE HOT ACCRETION FLOW IN SGR A*
Mou, G., Yuan, F., Bu, D., Sun, M., & Su, M. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/790/2/109 · Cited by 97
“This structure explains the observations obtained in ROSAT X-ray survey (Snowden et al. 1997; Wang 2002).”
Result
Modelling the Galactic distribution of free electrons
Schnitzeler, D. H. F. M. (2012) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21869.x · Cited by 97
“Snowden et al. (1997) showed by analysing ROSAT X-ray data that the mid-plane density of free electrons in the Hot inter-cloud medium (HIM) is 3.5 × 10−4 cm−3, which is an order of magnitude smaller than the mid-plane density of the free electrons in the Warm ionized medium (WIM).”
Influential
Imaging Plasma Density Structures in the Soft X-Rays Generated by Solar Wind Charge Exchange with Neutrals
Sibeck, D. G., Allen, R. C., Aryan, H., Bodewits, D., Brandt, P. C., Branduardi-Raymont, G., Brown, G. V., Carter, J. A., Collado‐Vega, Y. M., Collier, M. R., et al. (2018) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-018-0504-7 · Cited by 96
Self-citation
The CMB cold spot: texture, cluster or void?
Cruz, M., Martínez-González, E., Vielva, P., Diego, J. M., Hobson, M., & Turok, N. (2008) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13812.x · Cited by 94
“We can use the ROSAT all-sky survey (Snowden et al. 1997) to estimate the prior on yo.”
Method
Fermi bubbles in the Milky Way: the closest AGN feedback laboratory courtesy of Sgr A*?: Fermi bubbles: Sgr A* AGN feedback?
Zubovas, K., & Nayakshin, S. (2012) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21250.x · Cited by 91
“The limbs of the lobes coincide with the extended structure seen in medium-energy X-rays by ROSAT (Snowden et al. 1997).”
Background
Warm‐Hot Gas in and around the Milky Way: Detection and Implications of O vii Absorption toward LMC X‐3
Wang, Q. D., Yao, Y., Tripp, T. M., Fang, T. ‐., Cui, W., Nicastro, F., Mathur, S., Williams, R. J., Song, L., & Croft, R. (2005) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/497584 · Cited by 93
The stripping of a galaxy group diving into the massive cluster A2142
Eckert, D., Molendi, S., Owers, M. S., Gaspari, M., Venturi, T., Rudnick, L., Ettori, S., Paltani, S., Gastaldello, F., & Rossetti, M. (2014) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201424259 · Cited by 92
“We complemented these data with the ROSAT all-sky survey spectrum of the same region (Snowden et al. 1997), and fitted the XMM-Newton and ROSAT data jointly.”
Method
The Boundary Conditions of the Heliosphere: Photoionization Models Constrained by Interstellar and In Situ Data
Slavin, J. D., & Frisch, P. C. (2008) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078101/pdf · Cited by 93
The Ionization of Nearby Interstellar Gas
Slavin, J. D., & Frisch, P. C. (2001) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 93
Where Are the High-Velocity Clouds?
Quilis, V., & Moore, B. (2001) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/322866 · Cited by 91
“Constraints come from the measured soft X-ray background (Snowden et al. 1997, Benson et al. 2000), from the dispersion measures of pulsars in globular clusters and in the Magellanic Clouds, from the kinematics (Moore & Davis 1994) or lifetime (Murali 2000) of the Magellanic Stream.”
Background
STRUCTURE IN THE ROTATION MEASURE SKY
Stil, J. M., Taylor, A. R., & Sunstrum, C. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/726/1/4 · Cited by 91
“At high latitudes, emission from the more distant halo is observed, while high-latitude clouds absorb the halo emission locally, and appear as dark silhouettes known as X-ray shadows (Snowden et al. 1997, 1998).”
BackgroundInfluential
XMM-Newtonobservation of the relaxed cluster A478: Gas and dark matter distribution from 0.01R$_\mathsf{200}$ to 0.5R$\mathsf{_{200}}$
Pointecouteau, É., Arnaud, M., Kaastra, J. S., & de Plaa, J. (2004) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20035856 · Cited by 91
MAPPING THE NUCLEAR OUTFLOW OF THE MILKY WAY: STUDYING THE KINEMATICS AND SPATIAL EXTENT OF THE NORTHERN FERMI BUBBLE
Bordoloi, R., Fox, A. J., Lockman, F. J., Wakker, B. P., Jenkins, E. B., Savage, B. D., Hernandez, S., Tumlinson, J., Bland-Hawthorn, J., & Kim, T.-S. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/834/2/191 · Cited by 91
“G A ] 5 D ec 2 01 6 been observed in hard X-ray emission out to l ≈ 20◦ (BlandHawthorn & Cohen 2003a), soft X-ray emission at their base (0.3-1.0 keV; Snowden et al. 1997; Kataoka et al. 2013), K-band microwave emission (23-94 GHz; Finkbeiner 2004; Dobler & Finkbeiner 2008), and polarized radio…”
BackgroundInfluential
THE STRUCTURE OF THE LOCAL HOT BUBBLE
Liu, W., Chiao, M., Collier, M. R., Cravens, T., Galeazzi, M., Koutroumpa, D., Kuntz, K. D., Lallement, R., Lepri, S. T., McCammon, D., et al. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/834/1/33 · Cited by 90
“In this paper we reevaluate the properties of the LHB based on the RASS data (Snowden et al. 1997) combined with the estimate of the SWCX contribution from DXL.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citation
The Evolution of Structure in X-ray Clusters of GalaxiesPreprint
Jeltema, T., CANIZARES, C. R., Bautz, M. W., & Buote, D. A. (2004) · Cited by 89

Authors: Snowden, S. L., Egger, R., Freyberg, M. J., McCammon, D., Plucinsky, P. P., Sanders, W. T., Schmitt, J. H. M. M., Trumper, J., & Voges, W.
Affiliations: Goddard Space Flight Center (US)
Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (DE)
University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
ORCID: Snowden, S. L.
Freyberg, M. J.
McCammon, D.
Plucinsky, P. P.
Schmitt, J. H. M. M.
Venue: The Astrophysical Journal
Publisher: American Astronomical Society
Published: 1997-08-10
Volume: 485
Issue: 1
Pages: 125-135
ISSN: 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
1538-4357
DOI: 10.1086/304399
OpenAlex: W1982655690
Cited by: 602
References: 53
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 22
FWCI: 10.43
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Universities Space Research Association
Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Goddard Space Flight Center
Topics: Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
Keywords: soft X-ray background, diffuse X-ray emission, ROSAT All-Sky Survey, Galactic Center, Loop I, Galactic bulge, hot gas, X-ray absorption, Galactic plane, collisional ionization equilibrium

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

ROSAT Survey Diffuse X‐Ray Background Maps. II.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks