The DOI matches its Crossref record; 11 of the 11 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Low Interleukin‐10 Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α Ratio Is Associated with Malaria Anemia in Children Residing in a Holoendemic Malaria Region in Western Kenya
Abstract
The balance between Th1 cytokines (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-alpha, interferon [IFN]-gamma) and Th2 cytokines (interleukin [IL]-10, -4) may be critical in the development of severe falciparum malaria. Therefore, plasma concentrations of these cytokines were determined in children with various manifestations of malaria. Plasma levels of IFN-gamma and IL-4 were undetectable in most children. However, TNF-alpha and IL-10 were significantly elevated in children with high-density parasitemia and malaria anemia compared with children in control groups. In children with mild malaria, IL-10, but not TNF-alpha, was significantly elevated. While the highest concentrations of TNF-alpha were found in children with malaria anemia, IL-10 levels were highest in children with high-density uncomplicated malaria. The mean ratio of IL-10 to TNF-alpha was significantly higher in children with mild and high-density parasitemia (4.64, P<.005) than in children with malaria anemia (1.77). Thus, higher levels of IL-10 over TNF-alpha may prevent development of malaria anemia by controlling the excessive inflammatory activities of TNF-alpha.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
AN INVESTIGATION OF POLYMORPHISM IN THE INTERLEUKIN‐10 GENE PROMOTER
Turner, D. M., Williams, D. M., Sankaran, D., Lazarus, M., Sinnott, P. J., & Hutchinson, I. V. (1997) · European Journal of Immunogenetics · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2370.1997.tb00001.x · Cited by 1,717
Kwiatkowski, D., Sambou, I., Twumasi, P., Greenwood, B. M., Hill, A. V. S., Manogue, K. R., Cerami, A., Castracane, J., & Brewster, D. R. (1990) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(90)92827-5 · Cited by 872
Tumor Necrosis Factor and Disease Severity in Children with Falciparum Malaria
Grau, G. E., Taylor, T. E., Molyneux, M. E., Wirima, J. J., Vassalli, P., Hommel, M., & Lambert, P.-H. (1989) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198906153202404 · Cited by 842
Grau, G. E., Heremans, H., Piguet, P. F., Pointaire, P., Lambert, P. H., Billiau, A., & Vassalli, P. (1989) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.86.14.5572 · Cited by 318
Clark, I. A., & Chaudhri, G. (1988) · British Journal of Haematology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.1988.tb02440.x · Cited by 248
Human Cytokines: Their Role in Disease and Therapy
Greening, A. P. (1995) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.311.7020.1649a · Cited by 242
Interleukin‐10 modulates susceptibility in experimental cerebral malaria
KOSSODO, S., MONSO, C., JUILLARD, P., VELU, T., GOLDMAN, M., & GRAU, G. E. (1997) · Immunology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2567.1997.00290.x · Cited by 180
Tumor Necrosis Factor and Severe Malaria
Shaffer, N., Grau, G. E., Hedberg, K., Davachi, F., Lyamba, B., Hightower, A. W., Breman, J. G., & Nguyen-Dinh, P. (1991) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/163.1.96 · Cited by 143
Beier, J. C., Perkins, P. V., Onyango, F. K., Gargan, T. P., Oster, C. N., Whitmire, R. E., Koech, D. K., & Roberts, C. R. (1990) · Journal of Medical Entomology · doi:10.1093/jmedent/27.4.570 · Cited by 115
Self-citationLinke, A., Kühn, R., Müller, W., et al. (1996) · Experimental Parasitology · doi:10.1006/expr.1996.0111 · Cited by 104
Cited by
Immunological processes in malaria pathogenesis
Schofield, L., & Grau, G. E. (2005) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri1686 · Cited by 688
Menendez, C., Fleming, A. F., & Alonso, P. L. (2000) · Parasitology Today · doi:10.1016/s0169-4758(00)01774-9 · Cited by 458
Lyke, K. E., Burges, R., Cissoko, Y., Sangare, L., Dao, M., Diarra, I., Kone, A., Harley, R., Plowe, C. V., Doumbo, O. K., et al. (2004) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.72.10.5630-5637.2004 · Cited by 434
The Prognostic and Pathophysiologic Role of Pro‐ and Antiinflammatory Cytokines in Severe Malaria
Day, N. P. J., Hien, T. T., Schollaardt, T., Loc, P. P., Chuong, L. V., Chau, T. T. H., Mai, N. T. H., Phu, N. H., Sinh, D. X., White, N. J., et al. (1999) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/315016 · Cited by 421
Human malarial disease: a consequence of inflammatory cytokine release
Clark, I. A., Budd, A. C., Alleva, L. M., & Cowden, W. B. (2006) · Malaria Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2875-5-85 · Cited by 317
Metadata
- Authors
- Othoro, C., Lal, A. A., Nahlen, B., Koech, D., Orago, A. S. S., & Udhayakumar, V.
- Venue
- The Journal of Infectious Diseases
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1999-01
- Volume
- 179
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 279-282
- ISSN
- 0022-1899 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-6613
- OpenAlex
- W2097211832
- Cited by
- 311
- References
- 11
- FWCI
- 13.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: A Low Interleukin‐10 Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α Ratio Is Associated with Malaria Anemia in Children Residing in a Holoendemic Malaria Region in Western Kenya. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1086/314548
- The paper
- Othoro, C., Lal, A. A., Nahlen, B., Koech, D., Orago, A. S. S., & Udhayakumar, V. (1999). A Low Interleukin‐10 Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α Ratio Is Associated with Malaria Anemia in Children Residing in a Holoendemic Malaria Region in Western Kenya. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. https://doi.org/10.1086/314548
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
