A Spitzer Space Telescope Study of Disks in the Young σ Orionis Cluster
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We report new Spitzer Space Telescope observations, using the IRAC and MIPS instruments, of the young (~3 Myr) σ Orionis cluster. We identify 336 stars as members of the cluster, using optical and near-infrared color-magnitude diagrams. Using the spectral energy distribution slopes in the IRAC spectral range, we place objects into several classes: non-excess stars, stars with optically thick disks (such as classical T Tauri stars), class I (protostellar) candidates, and stars with "evolved disks"; the last exhibit smaller IRAC excesses than optically thick disk systems. In general, this classification agrees with the location expected in IRAC-MIPS color-color diagrams for these objects. We find that the evolved disk systems are mostly a combination of objects with optically thick but nonflared disks, suggesting grain growth and/or settling, and transition disks, systems in which the inner disk is partially or fully cleared of small dust. In all, we identify seven transition disk candidates and three possible debris disk systems. As in other young stellar populations, the fraction of disks depends on the stellar mass, ranging from ~10% for stars in the Herbig Ae/Be mass range (>2 M ☉ ) to ~35% for those in the T Tauri mass range (1-0.1 M ☉ ). The IRAC infrared excesses found in stellar clusters and associations with and without central high-mass stars are similar, suggesting that external photoevaporation is not very important in many clusters. Finally, we find no correlation between the X-ray luminosity and the disk infrared excess, suggesting that the X-rays are not strongly affected by disk accretion.
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With a 10,000 year orbital period (corresponding to a 500 AU), a forming Planet Nine would only complete 300 revolutions around the sun within the typical lifetime of a protoplanetary disk.
“With a 10 ; 000 year orbital period (corresponding to a 500 AU), a forming Planet Nine would only complete 300 revolutions around the sun within the typical lifetime of a protoplanetary disk (Hernandez et al., 2007).”
From The planet nine hypothesis (2019) · cites this paper as Hernandez et al., 2007
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A COMPREHENSIVE CENSUS OF NEARBY INFRARED EXCESS STARS
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Marton, G., Ábrahám, P., Szegedi-Elek, E., Varga, J., Kun, M., Kóspál, Á., Varga-Verebélyi, E., Hodgkin, S. T., Szabados, L., Beck, R. E., et al. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1301 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hernandez, J., Hartmann, L., Megeath, T., Gutermuth, R., Muzerolle, J., Calvet, N., Vivas, A. K., Briceno, C., Allen, L., Stauffer, J., Young, E., & Fazio, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian (US)
- University of Arizona (US)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2007-06-20
- Volume
- 662
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 1067-1081
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W2026036168
- Cited by
- 512
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 21.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Keywords
- sigma Orionis cluster, protoplanetary disks, young stellar populations, infrared excess, transition disks, debris disks, T Tauri stars, Class I protostars, X-ray luminosity, stellar mass dependence, Herbig Ae/Be stars, cluster membership
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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