Cited by 446Memory Processes and InfluencesMisinformation and Its ImpactsDeception detection and forensic psychology

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 24 of the 25 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

How Warnings about False Claims Become Recommendations

Skurnik, Ian, Yoon, Carolyn, Park, Denise C., Schwarz, Norbert·2005·Journal of Consumer Research

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Telling people that a consumer claim is false can make them misremember it as true. In two experiments, older adults were especially susceptible to this “illusion of truth ” effect. Repeatedly identifying a claim as false helped older adults remem-ber it as false in the short term but paradoxically made them more likely to re-member it as true after a 3 day delay. This unintended effect of repetition comes from increased familiarity with the claim itself but decreased recollection of the claim’s original context. Findings provide insight into susceptibility over time to memory distortions and exploitation via repetition of claims in media and advertising. In everyday life, people are bombarded with consumerinformation, from a wide variety of sources that differ in credibility (such as news reports, advertisements, Web sites, and so on) and in diverse consumption domains (from packaged goods to medical care). A crucial task for people is to determine whether the information they see is true or false. And because people often act on consumer infor-

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1086/426605

Cites

24 of 24 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Relevance: Communication and Cognition
Sperber, D., & Wilson, D. (1986) · Cited by 6,708
Untitled work
(1989) · Cited by 4,498
Recognizing: The judgment of previous occurrence.
Mandler, G. (1980) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.87.3.252 · Cited by 2,847
Frequency and the conference of referential validity
Hasher, L., Goldstein, D., & Toppino, T. (1977) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(77)80012-1 · Cited by 920
THE COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE OF CONSTRUCTIVE MEMORY
Schacter, D. L., Norman, K. A., & Koutstaal, W. (1998) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.289 · Cited by 827
Differential effects of aging on memory for content and context: A meta-analysis.
Spencer, W. D., & Raz, N. (1995) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.10.4.527 · Cited by 773
Unbelieving the unbelievable: Some problems in the rejection of false information.
Gilbert, D. T., Krull, D. S., & Malone, P. S. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.59.4.601 · Cited by 681
Dissociation of processes in belief: Source recollection, statement familiarity, and the illusion of truth.
Begg, I. M., Anas, A., & Farinacci, S. (1992) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037//0096-3445.121.4.446 · Cited by 650
Becoming famous without being recognized: Unconscious influences of memory produced by dividing attention.
Jacoby, L. L., Woloshyn, V. E., & Kelley, C. (1989) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.118.2.115 · Cited by 591
Low-Involvement Learning: Memory without Evaluation
Hawkins, S. A., & Hoch, S. J. (1992) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/209297 · Cited by 426

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 25 references

1 of the 25 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 443

Age differences in medial prefrontal activity for subsequent memory of truth value
Cassidy, B. S., Hedden, T., Yoon, C., & Gutchess, A. H. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00087 · Cited by 13
Self-citation
Coping with high advertising exposure: a source-monitoring perspective
Bell, R., Mieth, L., & Buchner, A. (2022) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-022-00433-2 · Cited by 14
False Beliefs About Asylum Seekers to Australia: The Role of Confidence in Such Beliefs, Prejudice, and the Third Person Effect
Pedersen, A., & Hartley, L. K. (2017) · Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology · doi:10.1017/prp.2017.5 · Cited by 12
Psychological Science Meets a Gullible Post-Truth World
Myers, D. G. (2019) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429203787-5 · Cited by 13
Selective and deceptive citation in the construction of dueling consensuses
Beers, A. L., Nguyễn, S., Starbird, K., West, J. D., & Spiro, E. S. (2023) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adh1933 · Cited by 11
CSR in times of crisis: why CSR activities can be both a blessing and burden during an organizational crisis
Koch, T., Viererbl, B., Beckert, J., & Keilmann, J. (2024) · Journal of Communication Management · doi:10.1108/jcom-09-2023-0095 · Cited by 12
Understanding public support for smart meters: media attention, misperceptions, and knowledge
Hmielowski, J. D., Kirkpatrick, A. W., & Boyd, A. D. (2020) · Journal of Risk Research · doi:10.1080/13669877.2020.1863844 · Cited by 12
Discourse Updating
Richter, T., & Singer, M. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315687384-11 · Cited by 11
The cognitive processes underlying false beliefs
Stanley, M. L., Whitehead, P. S., & Marsh, E. J. (2022) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcpy.1289 · Cited by 13
Die Rolle des Internets bei der Elimination von Infektionskrankheiten
Betsch, C. (2013) · Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz · doi:10.1007/s00103-013-1793-3 · Cited by 10
Revisiting Halliday (1990) ‘New Ways of Meaning: The Challenge to Applied Linguistics’
Law, L., & Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (2023) · Linguistics and the Human Sciences · doi:10.1558/lhs.23599 · Cited by 10
Deception and the marketplace of ideas
Levine, E. E., & Duncan, S. (2021) · Consumer Psychology Review · doi:10.1002/arcp.1076 · Cited by 11
An integration of perspectives on aging and consumer decision making
Cole, C. A., Lee, M. P., & Yoon, C. (2009) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2008.12.006 · Cited by 10
Self-citation
Can Corrections Spread Misinformation to New Audiences? Testing for the Elusive Familiarity Backfire EffectPreprint
Ecker, U. K. H., Lewandowsky, S., & Chadwick, M. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/qrm69 · Cited by 12
On the Erasure of race in control culture discourse: a case study of Trayvon Martin’s role in the Black Lives Matter movement
Fabregat, E., & Beck, T. J. (2019) · Social Identities · doi:10.1080/13504630.2019.1572502 · Cited by 9
People underestimate the influence of repetition on truth judgments (and more so for themselves than for others)
Mattavelli, S., Béna, J., Corneille, O., & Unkelbach, C. (2023) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105651 · Cited by 9
Efficacy Expectations and Adherence: Evidence of Consumer Biases and Heuristics in Pharmaceutical Marketing
Ilyuk, V., Irmak, C., Krämer, T., & Block, L. (2013) · International series in quantitative marketing · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7801-0_11 · Cited by 9
Truth from familiar turns of phrase: Word and number collocations in the corpus of language influence acceptance of novel claims
Zhang, Y. C., & Schwarz, N. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2020.103999 · Cited by 10
Self-citation
When photos backfire: Truthiness and falsiness effects in comparative judgments
Zhang, L., Newman, E. J., & Schwarz, N. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104054 · Cited by 11
Self-citation
Mapping the field of misinformation correction and its effects: A review of four decades of research
Qinyu, E., Sakura, O., & Li, G. (2021) · Social Science Information · doi:10.1177/05390184211053759 · Cited by 9
Comprehension of Products and Messages
Cummings, C. L. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-50530-5_8 · Cited by 9
Making Sense from (Apparent) Senselessness: The JCR Lens
Dahl, D. W., Fischer, E. M., Johar, G. V., & Morwitz, V. G. (2017) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucx097 · Cited by 9
Is physician dismissal of vaccine refusers an acceptable practice in Canada? A 2018 overview
MacDonald, N. E., Harmon, S., Dubé, È., Taylor, B., Steenbeek, A., Crowcroft, N. S., & Graham, J. (2018) · Paediatrics & Child Health · doi:10.1093/pch/pxy116 · Cited by 8
'Don't Fall for This': Communications about Cybersafety from the AARP
McDonald, N., & Mentis, H. M. (2023) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3610039 · Cited by 9
Similarity-Attraction Cluster of Outbound Chinese Tourists: Who Belongs There?
Wei, S., Ng, S. I., Lee, J. A., & Soutar, G. N. (2021) · Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research · doi:10.1177/1096348021996441 · Cited by 8
Conditioning Implicit and Explicit Brand Attitudes Using Celebrity Affiliates
Ewing, D. R., Allen, C. T., & Kardes, F. R. (2008) · ACR North American Advances · Cited by 8
Proactive and retroactive effects of negative suggestion.
Brown, A. S., Brown, C. M., Mosbacher, J. L., & Dryden, W. E. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.32.6.1234 · Cited by 8
Demand for 'Healthy' Products: False Claims in AdvertisingPreprint
Rao, A., & Wang, E. Y. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2559980 · Cited by 8
Backfire effects after correcting misinformation are strongly associated with reliabilityPreprint
Swire‐Thompson, B., Miklaucic, N., Wihbey, J., Lazer, D. M. J., & Degutis, J. M. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/e3pvx · Cited by 7
Communication inequalities and incomplete data hinder understanding of how social media affect vaccine uptake
Viswanath, K., Lee, E., & Dryer, E. (2024) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2023-076478 · Cited by 7
Fake News and the Sleeper Effect in Social Media Posts: the Case of Perception of Safety in the Workplace
Ruggieri, S. A., Bonfanti, R. C., Santoro, G., Passanisi, A., & Pace, U. (2023) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2022.0199 · Cited by 7
Pharmaceutical Benefit–Risk Perception and Age Differences in the USA and Germany
Balog‐Way, D. H. P., Evensen, D. T. N., & Löfstedt, R. E. (2020) · Drug Safety · doi:10.1007/s40264-020-00977-6 · Cited by 7
Older and younger adults’ revision of health misconceptions
Sitzman, D. M., Rheams, J., Babineau, A. L., & Tauber, S. K. (2021) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2021.1999981 · Cited by 7
Consumer Understanding and Use of Numeric Information in Product Claims
Sagara, N., & Peters, E. M. (2014) · Developments in marketing science: proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-11797-3_140 · Cited by 6
Asking simultaneously about truth and familiarity may disrupt truth effects
Garcia‐Marques, T., Silva, R. R., & Mello, J. (2017) · Análise Psicológica · doi:10.14417/ap.1121 · Cited by 7
The Bully in the Pulpit
Edwards, G. C. (2020) · Presidential Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1111/psq.12644 · Cited by 8
To Correct or Not to Correct: Are Investors Able to Discern Fake Financial News?
Du, N., Wang, T., & Lin, H. Y. (2023) · Journal of Behavioral Finance · doi:10.1080/15427560.2023.2259031 · Cited by 9
Is This Product Easy to Control? Liabilities of Using Difficult-To-Pronounce Product Names
Leonhardt, J. M., & Pechmann, C. (2021) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2021.04.009 · Cited by 6
The continued influence effect: Examining how age, retraction, and delay impact inferential reasoning
Miller, A. L., Wissman, K. T., & Peterson, D. J. (2022) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3939 · Cited by 7
Lack of source memory as a potential marker of early assimilation of novel items into current knowledge
Yacoby, A., Reggev, N., & Maril, A. (2023) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108569 · Cited by 5
“Questioning” the truth effect: Processing information in interrogative form reduces (but does not cancel) repetition-induced truth
Mattavelli, S., Bianchi, C., & Motterlini, M. (2025) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-025-01742-9 · Cited by 5
From Crisis Pregnancy Centers to Teenbreaks.com: Anti-abortion Activism's Use of Cloaked Websites
Daniels, J. (2014) · CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York) · Cited by 6
Combating Disinformation: Effects of Timing and Correction Format on Factual Knowledge and Personal Beliefs
Schaewitz, L., & Krämer, N. C. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-61841-4_16 · Cited by 8
Do roadshows work?
Cottam, J. A., Foley, S. S., & Menzel, S. (2010) · ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE) · doi:10.1145/1734263.1734271 · Cited by 6
Message framing to enhance consumer compliance with disease detection communication for prevention: The moderating role of age
Pang, Y., Wang, L., & Chen, F. (2024) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcpy.1436 · Cited by 5
How do older adults correct memory errors? The effects of practice and metacognitive strategies
Montoro-Membila, N., Maraver, M. J., Marful, A., & Bajo, M. T. (2025) · Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition · doi:10.1080/13825585.2025.2464583 · Cited by 5
Publishing, Perishing, and the Infodemic of Fake Science
Kirkpatrick, A. W., & Randall, T. E. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-99680-2_5 · Cited by 5
Potential Paradoxical Effects of Myth-Busting as a Nutrition Education Strategy for Older Adults
Ansburg, P. I., & Heiss, C. J. (2012) · American Journal of Health Education · doi:10.1080/19325037.2012.10599215 · Cited by 5
Myth-busting is a bust for patient education: Making salient older adults’ misconceptions about osteoarthritis fails to lead to lasting corrections
Ansburg, P. I. (2015) · Educational Gerontology · doi:10.1080/03601277.2015.1121751 · Cited by 5
Adult Age Differences in Health-Related Decision-Making: A Primer
Löckenhoff, C. E., Hsiao, C. J., Kim, J. H., & Swarts, K. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-3486-7_11 · Cited by 5
The impact of a limited time perspective on information distortion
Chaxel, A., Wiggins, C., & Xie, V. (2018) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2018.09.001 · Cited by 5
Der Zuschnitt von Werbung auf die Zielgruppe älterer Menschen
Bieri, R., Florack, A., & Scarabis, M. (2006) · Zeitschrift für Medienpsychologie · doi:10.1026/1617-6383.18.1.19 · Cited by 5
Knowledge differentially supports memory for nutrition information in later life
Miller, L. M. S., Zirnstein, M., & Chan, P. K. (2012) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105312459896 · Cited by 5
Epilepsy, Comorbidities, and Consequences: Implications for Understanding and Combating Stigma
Kobau, R., DiIorio, C. K., Thompson, N. J., Bamps, Y. A., & Louis, E. K. S. (2015) · doi:10.1002/9781118951026.ch3 · Cited by 5
Consumer Psychology
Alba, J. W., & Hutchinson, J. W. (2007) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470713181.ch26 · Cited by 5
Changing beliefs or changing behavior? Understanding the belief‐to‐behavior process and intervening to curb the impact of misinformation
Lee, H., & Albarracín, D. (2025) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcpy.70014 · Cited by 5
Helping Users Reflect on Their Own Health-Related Behaviors
Kocielnik, R., Hsieh, G., & Avrahami, D. (2018) · Human-computer interaction series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95579-7_5 · Cited by 4
Does constant advertising change consumer attitude?
", & Usman, M. (2019) · Journal of Business & Retail Management Research · doi:10.24052/jbrmr/v13is04/art-25 · Cited by 4
Correcting fake news headlines after repeated exposure: memory and belief accuracy in younger and older adults
Kemp, P. L., Loaiza, V. M., Kelley, C. M., & Wahlheim, C. N. (2024) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-024-00585-3 · Cited by 6
Via Crucis of the Body : Clarice Lispector visits advertising
Södergren, J. (2025) · Journal of Marketing Management · doi:10.1080/0267257x.2025.2459423 · Cited by 4
News as (hazardous) entertainment: Exaggerated reporting leads to more memory distortion for news stories.
Lawson, V. Z., & Strange, D. M. (2013) · Psychology of Popular Media Culture · doi:10.1037/ppm0000015 · Cited by 4
Ethical Influence in Health Promotion: Some Blind Spots in the Liberal Approach
Hove, T. B. (2014) · Public Health Ethics · doi:10.1093/phe/phu009 · Cited by 4
Remembering the truth or falsity of advertising claims: A preregistered model-based test of three competing theoretical accounts
Nadarevic, L., & Bell, R. (2024) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-024-02482-8 · Cited by 4
"Uh-oh, where is our brand headed?" : exploring the role of risk in brand change
Sjödin, H. (2007) · ACR North American Advances · Cited by 4
COVID-19 Vaccine and Vaccination Misinformation and Disinformation: Repositioning Our Role as Educators in Pandemic Times
Cahapay, M. B. (2022) · European Journal of Environment and Public Health · doi:10.21601/ejeph/11498 · Cited by 4
Claim Negations vs. Fact Affirmations: Evidence of the Content and Effects of Fact-Check Headlines
Wouters, F., Opgenhaffen, M., Hameleers, M., & Tulin, M. (2025) · Journalism Practice · doi:10.1080/17512786.2025.2479486 · Cited by 3
Debunking meat myths using the truth sandwich: A longitudinal experiment among German meat consumers
Seffen, A. E., Weingarten, N., Mai, C., & Dohle, S. (2025) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2025.105704 · Cited by 3
Exploring Warning Messages On Conditional Principles & Predicting Social Behavior
Cho, Y. C., & Rim, J. (2013) · Journal of Business & Economics Research (JBER) · doi:10.19030/jber.v11i11.8194 · Cited by 3
The evolving impact of engaging in leisure activities towards life quality: A longitudinal study of elderly in the UK
Aroean, L., Gölgeci, İ., & Usrey, B. (2023) · The International Journal of Health Planning and Management · doi:10.1002/hpm.3725 · Cited by 3
Illusions of knowledge due to mere repetition
Speckmann, F., & Unkelbach, C. (2024) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105791 · Cited by 6
Cognitive Load and Online Customer Decisions: The Role of Visual Perception, Memory, and Brain Activity
Mateja, A., Subocz, D., Stępień–Słodkowska, M., & Nermend, M. (2024) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-78465-1_8 · Cited by 4
Fake online reviews: A study on eWOM influence when suspicions arise
Cavazza, N., & Guidetti, M. (2014) · IRIS UNIMORE (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia) · doi:10.1482/76369 · Cited by 3
Wrażliwość rynku akcji na publikacje danych rynkowych w czasie pandemii COVID-19
Chodnicka-Jaworska, P., & Jaworski, P. (2020) · doi:10.7172/978-83-66282-21-6.2020.wwz.3 · Cited by 3
Debunking Misinformation About a Causal Link Between Vaccines and Autism: Two Preregistered Tests of Dual-Process Versus Single-Process Predictions (With Conflicting Results)
Gawronski, B., Brannon, S. M., & Ng, N. L. (2022) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2022.40.6.580 · Cited by 3
“To‐be‐forgotten” statements become less true: Memory processes involved in selection and forgetting lead to truthfulness changes of ambiguous sentences
Santos, A. S., Ramos, T., Garcia‐Marques, L., & Carneiro, P. (2017) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12365 · Cited by 3
Myths about HIV and AIDS among serodiscordant couples in Malawi
Wella, K., Webber, S., & Levy, P. (2017) · Aslib Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1108/ajim-12-2016-0202 · Cited by 3
Health Promotion
(2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108895682 · Cited by 3
Ideal and Non-Ideal Theory
McKenna, R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192888822.003.0002 · Cited by 3
Product placement: Implicit memory and choice for brands placed in a novel
Manzano, I. (2010) · OakTrust (Texas A&M University Libraries) · Cited by 3
Debunking Misinformation about Consumer Products: Effects on Beliefs and Purchase BehaviorPreprint
Fong, J., Guo, T., & Rao, A. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3875665 · Cited by 3
Effects of Inductive Learning and Gamification on News Veracity DiscernmentPreprint
Modirrousta-Galian, A., Higham, P. A., & Seabrooke, T. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/4wfds · Cited by 3
Unlicensed Corrections Violate the Gricean Maxims of Communication: Evidence for a Cognitive Mechanism Underlying Misinformation Backfire Effects
Thomas, J. G., & Autry, K. S. (2024) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.70004 · Cited by 3
The illusory-truth effect and its absence under accuracy-focused processing are robust across contexts of low and high advertising exposure
Bell, R., Nadarevic, L., Mieth, L., & Buchner, A. (2025) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-025-00628-3 · Cited by 3
Misinformation reminders enhance belief updating and memory for corrections: the role of attention during encoding revealed by eye tracking
Wellons, B. M., & Wahlheim, C. N. (2025) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-025-00649-y · Cited by 2
Sustaining corrected beliefs in false news headlines over time: The roles of correction format and recognizing corrections
Wahlheim, C. N., Kemp, P. L., Wiley, R. W., & Engelhardt, A. (2025) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-025-01760-7 · Cited by 3
Spot the Scam: Identifying Email Scams and Scam Susceptibility in Younger and Older Adults
Alberts, K. O., Espiritu, I. J., & Castel, A. D. (2026) · Experimental Aging Research · doi:10.1080/0361073x.2026.2635903 · Cited by 2
Reducing Consumer Fraud and Scam Victimization Through Incubation
Waschka, L., & Cunha, M. (2026) · Journal of Consumer Policy · doi:10.1007/s10603-026-09619-3 · Cited by 2
Health promotion theories and models
McKinnon, M., Chakrapani, V., Kaur, J., Kaur, M., Kumar, R., Reweti, A., & Severinsen, C. A. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108895682.002 · Cited by 3
Source Memory Is More Accurate for Opinions than for Facts
Mirny, D. J., & Spiller, S. A. (2025) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucaf007 · Cited by 2
‘I think youtube’s turning me into a flat earther’: Social media’s role in ex-conspiracy theorists entering and exiting anti-scientific communities
Matthias, C., Benn, Y., & Harkin, B. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0323436 · Cited by 2
Knowledge mitigates misinformation
Spence, A., & Spence, K. (2021) · Nature Energy · doi:10.1038/s41560-021-00794-w · Cited by 2
Moral Agnosticism: An Ethics of Inquiry and Public Discourse
Torcello, L., & Society for Ethics Across the Curriculum (2014) · Teaching Ethics · doi:10.5840/tej20141422 · Cited by 2
The Bulletproof Glass Effect: When Privacy Notices Backfire
Brough, A. R., Norton, D. A., & John, L. K. (2020) · Cited by 2
Physicians Treating Alzheimer’s Disease Patients Should Be Aware that Televised Direct-to-Consumer Advertising Links More Strongly to Drug Utilization in Older Patients
Feldman, R. (2021) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-210294 · Cited by 2
Where irony goes: routinization and the collapse of viewpoint configurations
Tobin, V. (2021) · Chinese Semiotic Studies · doi:10.1515/css-2021-0011 · Cited by 2
Can an AI Analyze Arguments? Argument-Checking and the Challenges of Assessing the Quality of Online Information
Brave, R., Federica Russo, B., Uzovic, O., & Wagemans, J. H. M. (2022) · Chapman & Hall/CRC eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781003261247-20 · Cited by 2
On Learning and Teaching for Conceptual Change
Lombardi, D., & Danielson, R. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199841332.013.20 · Cited by 2
Business Decision-Making and ERM/COSO
Spink, J. W. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-9621-6_6 · Cited by 2
Aggregated fact-checks, partisanship, and perceptions of candidate honesty
Barker, D. C., Martin, D. J., & Nalder, K. L. (2019) · Journal of Elections Public Opinion and Parties · doi:10.1080/17457289.2019.1686394 · Cited by 2
Nonprobative Photos Inflate the Truthiness and Falsiness of Claims
Newman, E. J. (2013) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.17003764.v1 · Cited by 2

Authors: Skurnik, I., Yoon, C., Park, D. C., & Schwarz, N.
Affiliations: University of Toronto (CA)
University of Michigan (US)
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
University of Southern California (US)
ORCID: Yoon, Carolyn
Park, Denise C.
Schwarz, Norbert
Venue: Journal of Consumer Research
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2005-03
Volume: 31
Issue: 4
Pages: 713-724
ISSN: 0093-5301 (ISSN-L)
1537-5277
DOI: 10.1086/426605
OpenAlex: W2116615923
Cited by: 446
References: 25
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 14
FWCI: 4.60
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Consumer Research (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Deception detection and forensic psychology
Keywords: false claims, consumer misinformation, older adults, memory distortion, familiarity, recollection, consumer information, advertising, credibility

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How Warnings about False Claims Become Recommendations

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks