Cited by 446Memory Processes and InfluencesMisinformation and Its ImpactsDeception detection and forensic psychology

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How Warnings about False Claims Become Recommendations

Skurnik, Ian, Yoon, Carolyn, Park, Denise C., Schwarz, Norbert·2005·Journal of Consumer Research

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Abstract

Telling people that a consumer claim is false can make them misremember it as true. In two experiments, older adults were especially susceptible to this “illusion of truth ” effect. Repeatedly identifying a claim as false helped older adults remem-ber it as false in the short term but paradoxically made them more likely to re-member it as true after a 3 day delay. This unintended effect of repetition comes from increased familiarity with the claim itself but decreased recollection of the claim’s original context. Findings provide insight into susceptibility over time to memory distortions and exploitation via repetition of claims in media and advertising. In everyday life, people are bombarded with consumerinformation, from a wide variety of sources that differ in credibility (such as news reports, advertisements, Web sites, and so on) and in diverse consumption domains (from packaged goods to medical care). A crucial task for people is to determine whether the information they see is true or false. And because people often act on consumer infor-

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Authors: Skurnik, I., Yoon, C., Park, D. C., & Schwarz, N.
Affiliations: University of Toronto (CA)
University of Michigan (US)
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
University of Southern California (US)
ORCID: Yoon, Carolyn
Park, Denise C.
Schwarz, Norbert
Venue: Journal of Consumer Research
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2005-03
Volume: 31
Issue: 4
Pages: 713-724
ISSN: 0093-5301 (ISSN-L)
1537-5277
DOI: 10.1086/426605
OpenAlex: W2116615923
Cited by: 446
References: 25
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 14
FWCI: 4.60
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Consumer Research (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Deception detection and forensic psychology
Keywords: false claims, consumer misinformation, older adults, memory distortion, familiarity, recollection, consumer information, advertising, credibility

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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How Warnings about False Claims Become Recommendations

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