The DOI matches its Crossref record; 23 of the 23 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
What Are We Doing to Early Adolescents? The Impact of Educational Contexts on Early Adolescents
Abstract
For some children, the early adolescent years mark the beginning of a downward spiral in school-related behaviors and motivation that often lead to academic failure and school dropout. Although these declines are not so extreme for most adolescents, there is sufficient evidence of gradual decline in various indicators of academic motivation, self-perceptions, and school-related behaviors over the early adolescent years to make one ask why. Several investigators have proposed that these declines could result from the types of educational contexts to which many adolescents are exposed during the middle-grade years. This hypothesis is explored in this article. First, the results of analyses using the eighth-grade cohort from the National Educational Longitudinal Study comparing student outcomes in different types of middle-grade school settings are reported. Second, the results of several relevant studies assessing the impact of specific school environmental characteristics on the course of change in early adolescents' school-related motivation are reported.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Harter, S. (1981) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037//0012-1649.17.3.300 · Cited by 1,349
The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child
Winch, R. F., Eissler, R. S., & Freud, A. (1955) · Marriage and Family Living · doi:10.2307/346794 · Cited by 1,163
Public and Private High Schools: The Impact of Communities
Coleman, J. S., & Hoffer, T. B. (1987) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,091
Moving into Adolescence: The Impact of Pubertal Change and School Context
Simmons, R. G., & Blyth, D. A. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315124841 · Cited by 999
Midgley, C., Feldlaufer, H., & Eccles, J. S. (1989) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-0663.81.2.247 · Cited by 846
Self-citationWegmann, R. G., & Silberman, C. E. (1976) · Teaching Sociology · doi:10.2307/1317196 · Cited by 535
Midgley, C., Feldlaufer, H., & Eccles, J. S. (1989) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1989.tb03529.x · Cited by 465
Self-citationMaking Inequality: The Hidden Curriculum of High School Tracking.
Cook, M. A., & Rosenbaum, J. E. (1977) · Contemporary Sociology · doi:10.2307/2066345 · Cited by 440
The Concept and Measurement of the Quality of School Life
Epstein, J. L., & Mcpartland, J. M. (1976) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/00028312013001015 · Cited by 375
Simmons, R. G., Blyth, D. A., Cleave, E. F. V., & Bush, D. M. (1979) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2094719 · Cited by 367
Cited by
Socioeconomic Status and Academic Achievement: A Meta-Analytic Review of Research
Sirin, S. R. (2005) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543075003417 · Cited by 4,687
Blackwell, L. S., Trzesniewski, K. H., & Dweck, C. S. (2007) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.00995.x · Cited by 3,784
Seizing the Middle Ground:: Constructivism in World Politics
ADLER, E. (1997) · European Journal of International Relations · doi:10.1177/1354066197003003003 · Cited by 1,446
The Psychology of Change: Self-Affirmation and Social Psychological Intervention
Cohen, G. L., & Sherman, D. K. (2014) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115137 · Cited by 1,302
Good, C., Aronson, J., & Inzlicht, M. (2003) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2003.09.002 · Cited by 1,096
Metadata
- Authors
- Eccles, J. S., Lord, S., & Midgley, C.
- Venue
- American Journal of Education
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 1991-08
- Volume
- 99
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 521-542
- ISSN
- 0195-6744 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-6511
- OpenAlex
- W2106871451
- Cited by
- 507
- References
- 23
- FWCI
- 7.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: What Are We Doing to Early Adolescents? The Impact of Educational Contexts on Early Adolescents. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1086/443996
- The paper
- Eccles, J. S., Lord, S., & Midgley, C. (1991). What Are We Doing to Early Adolescents? The Impact of Educational Contexts on Early Adolescents. American Journal of Education. https://doi.org/10.1086/443996
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
