A New Model for the Loop I (North Polar Spur) Region

Wolleben, M.

doi:10.1086/518711

Cited by 142Astrophysics and Cosmic PhenomenaAstrophysics and Star Formation StudiesAstrophysical Phenomena and Observations

A New Model for the Loop I (North Polar Spur) Region

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Wolleben, M.·2007·The Astrophysical Journal

DOI 10.1086/518711

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Abstract

The North Polar Spur (NPS) is the brightest filament of Loop I, a large circular feature in the radio continuum sky. In this paper, a model consisting of two synchrotron-emitting shells is presented that reproduces large-scale structures revealed by recent polarization surveys. The polarized emission of the NPS is reproduced by one of these shells. The other shell, which passes close to the Sun, gives rise to polarized emission toward the Galactic poles. It is proposed that X-ray emission seen toward the NPS is produced by the interaction of the two shells. Two OB associations coincide with the centers of the shells. A formation scenario of the Loop I region is suggested.

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The magnetic shell found by Vidal et al. probably represents a hot SNe bubble related to the Scorpio-Centaurus OB association.
“Vidal et al. (2015) find that the overall magnetic field orientation toward the sky is consistent with a magnetic shell of radius 120 pc and at a distance of 120 pc toward (320 ◦ , 5 ◦ ) and probably represents a hot SNe bubble related to the Scorpio-Centaurus OB association (Berkhuijsen et al. 1971; Wolleben 2007; Dickinson 2018).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Wolleben 2007
The Possible Formation History section proposes that supernovae in the Sco-Cen association’s LCC subgroup inflated a bubble bounded by a shell, supporting the proposed origin. The paper does not identify that shell as the one later found by Vidal et al. or establish that the bubble is hot; its own shell parameters also differ from the 120-pc description in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Vidal et al. found that the overall magnetic field orientation toward the sky is consistent with a magnetic shell of radius 120 pc and at a distance of 120 pc toward (320°, 5°).
“Vidal et al. (2015) find that the overall magnetic field orientation toward the sky is consistent with a magnetic shell of radius 120 pc and at a distance of 120 pc toward (320 ◦ , 5 ◦ ) and probably represents a hot SNe bubble related to the Scorpio-Centaurus OB association (Berkhuijsen et al. 1971; Wolleben 2007; Dickinson 2018).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Wolleben 2007

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“…overall magnetic field orientation toward the sky is consistent with a magnetic shell of radius 120 pc and at a distance of 120 pc toward (320 ◦ , 5 ◦ ) and probably represents a hot SNe bubble related to the Scorpio-Centaurus OB association (Berkhuijsen et al. 1971; Wolleben 2007; Dickinson 2018).”
Background
COMPARISONS OF THE INTERSTELLAR MAGNETIC FIELD DIRECTIONS OBTAINED FROM THEIBEXRIBBON AND INTERSTELLAR POLARIZATIONS
Frisch, P. C., Andersson, B. G., Berdyugin, A. V., Funsten, H. O., III, Magalhães, A. M., McComas, D. J., Piirola, V., Schwadron, N. A., Slavin, J. D., & Wiktorowicz, S. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/724/2/1473 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
On the distance to the North Polar Spur and the local CO-H<sub>2</sub>factor
Lallement, R., Snowden, S., Kuntz, K. D., Dame, T. M., Koutroumpa, D., Grenier, I., & Casandjian, J. M. (2016) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629453 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Hard and bright gamma-ray emission at the base of the Fermi bubbles
Herold, L., & Malyshev, D. V. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834670 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Assessing the Impact of Hydrogen Absorption on the Characteristics of the Galactic Center Excess
Pohl, M., Macías, O., Coleman, P., & Gordon, C. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac6032 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The local Galactic magnetic field in the direction of Geminga
Salvati, M. (2010) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200913406 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Absolutely calibrated radio polarimetry of the inner Galaxy at 2.3 and 4.8 GHz
Sun, X. H., Gaensler, B. M., Carretti, E., Purcell, C. R., Staveley-Smith, L., Bernardi, G., & Haverkorn, M. (2014) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stt2110 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Possible connection between the asymmetry of the North Polar Spur and Loop I and Fermi bubbles
Sarkar, K. C. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2944 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Constraining Galactic dark matter with gamma-ray pixel counts statistics
Zechlin, H.-S., Manconi, S., & Donato, F. (2018) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.98.083022 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Gaussian decomposition of $\ion{H}{i}$ surveys
Haud, U. (2010) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200913349 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Constraining the distance to the North Polar Spur with Gaia DR2
Das, K. K., Zucker, C., Speagle, J. S., Goodman, A. A., Green, G. M., & Alves, J. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2702 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Visualizing Multiwavelength Astrophysical Data
Li, H., Fu, C., & Hanson, A. J. (2008) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2008.182 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The interstellar medium surrounding the Scorpius-Centaurus association revisited
Pöppel, W. G. L., Bajaja, E., Arnal, E. M., & Morras, R. (2009) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200811290 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Gamma-ray emission from the Sagittarius dwarf spheroidal galaxy due to millisecond pulsars
Crocker, R. M., Macías, O., Mackey, D., Krumholz, M. R., Ando, S., Horiuchi, S., Baring, M. G., Gordon, C., Venville, T., Duffy, A. R., et al. (2022) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-022-01777-x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
THE S1 SHELL AND INTERSTELLAR MAGNETIC FIELD AND GAS NEAR THE HELIOSPHERE
Frisch, P. C. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/714/2/1679 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
A Unified Model for the Fan Region and the North Polar Spur: A Bundle of Filaments in the Local Galaxy
West, J. L., Landecker, T. L., Gaensler, B. M., Jaffe, T. R., & Hill, A. S. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac2ba2 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Effect of Supernovae on the Local Interstellar Material
Frisch, P. C., & Dwarkadas, V. V. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-20794-0_13-1 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The local Galactic magnetic field in the direction of Geminga
Salvati, M. (2010) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200913406/pdf · Cited by 19 · see citing works
SOFIA MID-INFRARED IMAGING AND CSO SUBMILLIMETER POLARIMETRY OBSERVATIONS OF G034.43+00.24 MM1*
Jones, T. J., Gordon, M., Shenoy, D., Gehrz, R. D., Vaillancourt, J. E., & Krejny, M. (2016) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-6256/151/6/156 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Robust inference of the Galactic Centre gamma-ray excess spatial properties
Song, D., Eckner, C., Gordon, C., Calore, F., Macías, O., Abazajian, K. N., Horiuchi, S., Kaplinghat, M., & Pohl, M. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae923 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Mapping the interface between the Local and Loop I bubbles using Strömgren photometry
Reis, W., & Corradi, W. J. B. (2008) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077946 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
THE DISCOVERY OF DIFFUSE RADIO POLARIZATION STRUCTURES IN THE NRAO VERY LARGE ARRAY SKY SURVEY
Rudnick, L., & Brown, S. (2008) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/137/1/145 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Template fitting of WMAP 7-year data: anomalous dust or flattening synchrotron emission?
Peel, M., Dickinson, C., Davies, R. D., Banday, A. J., Jaffe, T. R., & Jonas, J. L. (2012) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21358.x · Cited by 17 · see citing works
North Polar Spur/Loop I: gigantic outskirt of the Northern Fermi bubble or nearby hot gas cavity blown by supernovae?
Lallement, R. (2022) · Comptes Rendus Physique · doi:10.5802/crphys.97 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Whence the Interstellar Magnetic Field Shaping the Heliosphere?
Frisch, P. C., Piirola, V., Berdyugina, S. V., Heiles, C. E., Cole, A. A., Hill, K., Magalhães, A. M., Wiktorowicz, S., Bailey, J., Cotton, D. V., et al. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac5750 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Galactic Center excess at the highest energies: Morphology and photon-count statistics
Manconi, S., Calore, F., & Donato, F. (2024) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.109.123042 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Time-Variability in the Interstellar Boundary Conditions of the Heliosphere: Effect of the Solar Journey on the Galactic Cosmic Ray Flux at Earth
Frisch, P. C., & Mueller, H.-R. (2011) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-011-9776-x · Cited by 16 · see citing works
STUDYING THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM AND THE INNER REGION OF NPS/LOOP 1 WITH SHADOW OBSERVATIONS TOWARD MBM36
Ursino, E., Galeazzi, M., & Liu, W.-H. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/816/1/33 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
20 GeV halo-like excess of the Galactic diffuse emission and implications for dark matter annihilation
Totani, T. (2025) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2025/11/080 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Is the Sun Embedded in a Typical Interstellar Cloud?
Frisch, P. C. (2008) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-008-9394-4 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Interstellar magnetic cannon targeting the Galactic halo
Robitaille, J., Scaife, A., Carretti, E., Haverkorn, M., Crocker, R., Kesteven, M., Poppi, S., & Staveley-Smith, L. (2018) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833358 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Interstellar dust close to the Sun
Frisch, P. C., & Slavin, J. D. (2013) · Earth Planets and Space · doi:10.5047/eps.2012.05.001 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
E and B families of the Stokes parameters in the polarized synchrotron and thermal dust foregrounds
Liu, H., Creswell, J., & Naselsky, P. (2018) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2018/05/059 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Galactic halo bubble magnetic fields and UHECR deflections
Shaw, V., van Vliet, A., & Taylor, A. M. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2778 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Mapping the interface between the Local and Loop I bubbles using Strömgren photometry
Reis, W., & Corradi, W. J. B. (2008) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077946/pdf · Cited by 12 · see citing works
A new perspective on turbulent Galactic magnetic fields through comparison of linear polarization decomposition techniques
Robitaille, J., Scaife, A., Carretti, E., Gaensler, B., McEwen, J., Leistedt, B., Haverkorn, M., Bernardi, G., Kesteven, M., Poppi, S., et al. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx642 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The spectral index of polarized diffuse Galactic emission between 30 and 44 GHz
Jew, L., & Grumitt, R. D. P. (2019) · Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1233 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The Galactic Environment of the Sun: Interstellar Material Inside and Outside of the Heliosphere
Frisch, P. C., Bzowski, M., Grün, E., Измоденов, В. В., Krüger, H., Linsky, J. L., McComas, D. J., Möbius, E., Redfield, S., Schwadron, N. A., et al. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1448-4_11 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Is There a Polarization Horizon?
Hill, A. S. (2018) · Galaxies · doi:10.3390/galaxies6040129 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The Global Magneto-Ionic Medium Survey (GMIMS): the brightest polarized region in the southern sky at 75 cm and its implications for Radio Loop II
Thomson, A. J. M., Landecker, T. L., McClure‐Griffiths, N. M., Dickey, J. M., Campbell, J. L., Carretti, E., Clark, S. E., Federrath, C., Gaensler, B. M., Han, J. L., et al. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1805 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Origin of the Cluster of Local Interstellar Clouds
Zucker, C., Redfield, S., Starecheski, S., Konietzka, R., & Linsky, J. L. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adc920 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Fingerprint of Galactic Loop I on polarized microwave foregrounds
Liu, H. (2018) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833471 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The Bending Feature of the Fermi Bubbles: A Presumed Horizontal Galactic Wind and Its Implication on the Bubbles’ Age
Mou, G.-B., Sun, D., & Xie, F. (2018) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aaf421 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

North Polar Spur/Loop I: gigantic outskirt of the Northern Fermi bubble or nearby hot gas cavity blown by supernovae?
Lallement, R. (2022) · Comptes Rendus Physique · doi:10.5802/crphys.97 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Large-Scale Features of the Radio Sky and a Model for Loop I
Dickinson, C. (2018) · Galaxies · doi:10.3390/galaxies6020056 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
A Unified Model for the Fan Region and the North Polar Spur: A Bundle of Filaments in the Local Galaxy
West, J. L., Landecker, T. L., Gaensler, B. M., Jaffe, T. R., & Hill, A. S. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac2ba2 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Loop-I the North Polar Spur - a Major Feature of the Local Interstellar Environment
Salter, C. J. (1983) · Indian Institute of Astrophysics · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Far-Ultraviolet Observations of the Loop I/North Polar Spur Region
Park, J. W., Min, K.-W., Seon, K., Kim, I. J., Lim, Y.-M., Han, W., Nam, U., Park, J.-H., Edelstein, J., Korpela, E., et al. (2007) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/521046 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Authors: Wolleben, M.
Affiliations: Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics (CA)
Corresponding author: Wolleben, M.
ORCID: Wolleben, M.
Venue: The Astrophysical Journal
Publisher: American Astronomical Society
Published: 2007-07-20
Volume: 664
Issue: 1
Pages: 349-356
ISSN: 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
1538-4357
DOI: 10.1086/518711
OpenAlex: W1970860842
Cited by: 142
References: 15
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 7.49
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
NPARC (submittedVersion)
arXiv (Cornell University)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
Keywords: Loop I, North Polar Spur, polarized emission, Galactic poles, OB associations, X-ray emission, Galactic halo formation

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A New Model for the Loop I (North Polar Spur) Region

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