Following La Pieta: Toward a Transpacific Feminist Historiography of Philippine Authoritarianism

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The marchers wear skull-shaped masks as they link arms and dance in the street, with a group of onlookers watching in the background.

“Themarcherswearskull-shaped masks as they link arms and dance in the street. In the background, a group of onlookers watches the performance.”

May combine two claims.

Woman serves as the medium for national projection even as women remain marginalized within the structures of the nation itself.

“In other words, woman serves as the medium for national projection even as women remain marginalized within the structures of the nation itself.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Resistance to authoritarianism in the Philippines ultimately requires an interrogation of its historicity.

“The demonstrations pointed to memories of Marcos in order to contextualize and indict Duterte ' s power, arguing that resistance to authoritarianism in the Philippines ultimately requires an interrogation of its historicity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The exercise of despotic power requires an affirmation of and subscription to a historical, national time that employs masculinist ideologies of autonomy that position 'woman' as the vehicle for self-determination.

“The second is that the exercise of despotic power requires an affi rmation of and subscription to a historical, national time that employs masculinist ideologies of autonomy that position ' woman ' as the vehicle for self-determination.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

A transpacific feminist analysis insists on the reconceptualization of national time and space so that interrogations of state violence are reframed as ongoing contentions with the legacies of empire.

“Paying speci fi c attention to the ways these processes materialize in the gendered violence that characterizes imperialist and state structures, a transpaci fi c feminist analysis also insists on the reconceptualization of national time and space so that interrogations of state violence are reframed as ongoing contentions with the legacies of empire.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

A transpacific feminist analysis traces the longue durée of US and European colonialism and empire in the transpacific region to contextualize the nationalisms that often emerge as responses to these legacies.

“In particular, a transpaci fi c feminist analysis traces the longue durée of US and European colonialism and empire in the transpaci fi c region to contextualize the nationalisms that often emerge as responses to these legacies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The Marcoses' insistence on defining the terms of Filipino belonging within the New Society drew from international rights-based discourses.

“The Marcoses ' insistence on de fi ning the terms of Filipino belonging within the New Society drew from international rights-based discourses.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

A transpacific feminist historiography contests the linear teleology of historical, national time by challenging the frames of intelligibility that foreclose the exploration of the multiple times and places that the present always holds in its possession.

“Atranspaci fi c feminist historiography contests the linear teleology of historical, national time by challenging the frames of intelligibility that foreclose the exploration of the multiple times and places that the present always holds in its possession.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Historical, national time favors those who are afforded the full range of its passage.

“Historical, national time favors those who are afforded the full range of its passage; for those for whom this temporality is experienced as restrictive rather than neutral (let alone liberatory), there must be alternative ways to express the exigencies of their lived experiences.”

May combine two claims.

Duterte's insistence on healing attempted to settle an unsettling Marcosian past and to diffuse it within the linearity of historical, national time.

“Duterte ' s insistence on healing attempted to settle an unsettling Marcosian past and to diffuse it within the linearity of historical, national time.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The Philippine media's invocation of Michelangelo's La Pieta redirects focus not toward Siaron's lifeless body but to Olayres's suffering.

“the Philippine media ' s invocation of Michelangelo ' s La Pieta , the famed sculpture of Mary holding a cruci fi ed Jesus Christ, redirects focus not toward Siaron ' s lifeless body but, rather, to Olayres ' s suffering.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Export-processing zones were established by IMF-World Bank prescription for Third World industrialization to induce foreign investments.

“Tolentino notes, ' Beginning with multinationalism, export-processing zones (EPZs) were established by the International Monetary Fund and World Bank (IMF-WB) prescription for Third World industrialization that sought to induce foreign investments.”

• cites Tolentino 1996 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Duterte commented on the La Pieta photograph by accusing the media of melodramatically constructing a scene of 'Mother Mary cradling the dead cadaver of Jesus Christ,' a modern-day La Pieta.

“Duterte himself commented on the photograph and its circulation by accusing the media of melodramatically constructing a scene of ' Mother Mary cradling the dead cadaver of Jesus Christ, ' a modern-day La Pieta (in Cayabyab 2016).”

• cites Cayabyab 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

To reckon with the image is to locate the Filipina woman within the cartography of authoritarian violence and transpacific imperialism and to contend with the knowledge that sets the frame for her recognition.

“To reckon with the image is not only to locate the Filipina woman within the cartography of authoritarian violence and transpaci fi c imperialism but also to contend with the knowledge that sets the frame for her recognition.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Deirdre de la Cruz's reading that Mary is the 'primary agent of the miraculous' owing to her power of mediation illustrates how Filipino publics invoke Mary at precise moments of danger.

“De la Cruz ' s reading that Mary is the ' primary agent of the miraculous . . . owing to her power of mediation ' (2009, 462) illustrates the ways that Filipino publics invoke Mary at precise moments of danger.”

• cites de la Cruz 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the early 2000s, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo declared Filipino overseas workers as the 'bagong bayani' or new national heroes.

“And in the early 2000s, as remittances from Filipino workers continued to buttress the Philippine economy, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo declared Filipino overseas workers as the ' bagong bayani ' or the new national heroes (Arroyo 2003).”

• cites Arroyo 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Olayres's grief, anger, and sorrow are world making, expanding the frames of intelligibility for making sense of the present.

“Olayres ' s grief, anger, and sorrow are world making: as they refuse the prescribed frames of recognition, they also expand the frames of intelligibility for making sense of the time of the present.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The 1984 march was organized by a new women's coalition called Gabriela, signaling the arrival of a powerful, militant, progressive women's voice that would articulate demands across the political spectrum.

“Lee explains that ' the march was organized by a new women ' s coalition called Gabriela. It signalled the arrival on the national scene of a powerful, militant and progressive women ' s voice that would articulate and act on demands across the political spectrum”

• cites Lee 1988 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Catherine Ceniza Choy traced the roots of Filipina nurses' migration to the United States to US colonization of the Philippines beginning at the turn of the twentieth century.

“Historian Catherine Ceniza Choy (2003), for example, has traced the roots of Filipina nurses ' migration to the United States to the US colonization of the Philippines that began at the turn of the twentieth century.”

• cites Choy 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Although the administration eventually constructed the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant, people's movements ultimately squelched its operations.

“Although the administration did eventually construct the plant, people ' s movements ultimately squelched its operations (Simbulan 2009, 147).”

• cites Simbulan 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Nerissa Balce's work foregrounds that the visual regime of colonial photography was an instrument for arrest, holding captive memory within the finality of the historical archive.

“In these ways, Balce ' s work foregrounds that the visual regime of colonial photography was an instrument for arrest -that is, not only a way to evidence the suppression of anticolonial rebellion in the new colony but also a means for holding captive its memory within the fi nality of the historical archive.”

• cites Balce 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

These connected enactments of grief offer a way to draw together different authoritarian regimes as different instantiations of shared and overlapping historical trajectories, as efforts to construct national sovereignty responding to legacies of empire, and as governmentalites that draw bounds around Filipina women's lives.

“These connected enactments of grief offer a way to draw together different authoritarian regimes not by portraying them as being the same but rather viewing them as different instantiations of shared and overlapping historical trajectories, as efforts to construct versions of national sovereignty that respond to and contend with the legacies of empire, andasthegovernmentalities that draw bounds”

May combine two claims.

The operations of national progress-export processing zones, multinational corporations, government dependence on feminized labor, and militarization-are detrimental to women's lives.

“By performing death not as consequence but as condition, the marchers explain that the operations of national progress -the production of export processing zones, the proliferation of multinational corporations, the government ' s dependence on feminized labor, and the militarization of the islands -are themselves detrimental to women ' s lives.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Contingents of overseas workers voiced overwhelming support for Duterte, and their remittances and investments deepen class divides evidenced by the concentration of drug war violence in the poorest neighborhoods.

“Indeed, contingents of overseas workers voiced their overwhelming support for Duterte in the presidential election, and their remittances and investments in the Philippines continue to deepen the severe class divides that are evidenced by the concentration of the drug war ' s violence in the poorest neighborhoods of the Philippines.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Olayres's grief evokes the 'all women' marchers, whose 1984 rendition of death proposed more expansive critique against the Marcos regime by locating it within global affairs and warning of its continuation into a near future.

“Olayres ' s grief evokes the ' all women ' marchers, whose rendition of death in 1984 proposed more expansive forms of critique against the Marcos regime by locating its position within the landscape of global affairs and warning precisely of its continuation into a near future.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Marcos ordered the construction of the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant to cultivate alternative energy sources and develop energy independence in the face of worldwide oil crises.

“For instance, Marcos had ordered the construction of the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant (BNPP) to cultivate alternative sources of energy and to develop energy independence in the face of worldwide oil crises.”

• cites Neher 1981 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The construction of the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant strived to situate the nation within international paradigms of modernity by materializing the Philippines' commitment to nuclear technology and its interests in scientific advancement and US military expansion.

“The construction of the BNPP strived to situate the nation within international paradigms of modernity by materializing the Philippines ' commitment to nuclear technology and its attendant interests in scienti fi c advancement and US military expansion.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The regime's aspiration to create a new Filipino subject who could serve as both national and global citizen situated Filipino subjectivity within the ideologies of pluralism and universal humanism that guided global integration during the period.

“The regime ' s aspiration to create a new Filipino subject who could serve as both national and global citizen situated Filipino subjectivity within the ideologies of pluralism and universal humanism that guided the discursive logics of global integration during the period.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Olayres's grief makes possible a transpacific feminist historiography that calls into the visual frame other lives and pasts that have participated in these traditions.

“In so doing, it makes possible a transpaci fi c feminist historiography that calls into the visual frame other lives and other pasts that have participated in these traditions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A 1983 report identified the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant as a mechanism for securing financial gain for the president and his cronies, bolstering US imperial control through monopolization of nuclear technology, and buttressing claims to modernity through nationalization of nuclear power.

“Instead, they identi fi ed the plant as a mechanism for securing fi nancial gain for the president and his cronies, bolstering US imperial control over the islands through its monopolization of nuclear technology (Marcos commissioned the US company Westinghouse to construct the plant), and buttressing claims to modernity through the nationalization of nuclear power (Bello, Harris, and Zarsky 1983,”

• cites Bello, Harris, and Zarsky 1983 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Olayres's affect conjures a tradition of passion and rage that have become driving forces in collective revolt and revolution at distinct moments of danger.

“By rejecting the linearity of historical, national time proposed by governmental pronouncements of national sovereignty, Olayres ' s affect conjures a tradition of passion and rage, both of which have become driving forces in the instantiation of collective revolt and revolution at distinct moments of danger.”

May combine two claims.

The widow's articulation blurs Duterte's rule-of-law divide that the deaths of drug dealers and users safeguard the lives of the living, rejecting Duterte's legitimization of the drug war as necessary for improving Filipino life.

“Her articulation of death here as being in fl icted upon both her husband and son as well as herself blurs the otherwise clear divide proposed by Duterte ' s rule of law: that the deaths of drug dealers and users safeguard the lives of the living.”

May combine two claims.

The NCRFW's intent to integrate the rural Filipina into a 'dynamic force' facilitated the mass migration of women into Manila while further depressing the rural provinces of the country.

“The NCRFW ' s intent to integrate the rural Filipina, ' whoconstitute[s] more than one-third of the total female labor force in the country ' into a ' dynamic force ' facilitated the mass migration of women into Manila while further depressing the rural provinces of the country (Marcos 1975, 73 -74).”

• cites Marcos 1975Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The photograph's circulation as La Pieta reframes the drug war to describe the intimacies of authoritarian power, pointing to the grief, anger, and sorrow of Olayres.

“The photograph ' s circulation as La Pieta insists on reframing the drug war in a way that describes the intimacies of authoritarian power. It points not only to the loss of Siaron but especially to the grief, anger, and sorrow enacted by Olayres, who is left to live in the wake of Siaron ' s death.”

May combine two claims.

The marchers' performance of death highlights the central contradiction that the regime's treatment of women's lives produces their deaths even as the regime promotes the centrality of women as life givers.

“The marchers ' performance of death as the medium through which to illuminate the condition of their lives within the New Society highlights the central contradiction of the image: that the regime ' s treatment of women ' s lives produces their deaths even as the regime promotes the centrality of women as life givers.”

May combine two claims.

The Marcos regime integrated women into national development programs, reconfiguring them as new citizen-subjects and citizen-laborers.

“Neferti Tadiar has described the ways that the Marcos regime usurped women ' s movements in the Philippines by integrating women into national development programs. This integration sought to recon fi gure them as new citizen-subjects and citizen-laborers (2009b, 73 -75).”

• cites 2009bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

A widow whose husband and son were killed by gunmen in the drug war explained, 'When they killed [them], they also killed me.'

“In an interview with a woman whose husband and son were killed by gunmen in the drug war, the widow explained, ' When they killed [them], they also killed me ' (Macaraig 2017).”

• cites Macaraig 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Allan Punzalan Isaac and Jan Padios offered critical insight into how call-center workers in the Philippines act as transnational mediums of exchange by transmitting affective labor to service industries abroad while remaining within the Philippines.

“And cultural studies scholars such as Allan Punzalan Isaac (2017) and Jan Padios (2018) have offered critical insight into the ways that call-center workers in the Philippines act as transnational mediums of exchange by transmitting affective labor to service industries abroad even as they remain within the geographical con fi nes of the Philippines.”

• cites Isaac 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Padios 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

The La Pieta photograph insists not on recognition but on reckoning, activating an open, unending relationship to the past rather than a totalizing national narrative, and moving from individualized mourning to collective war memories, social movements, or public campaigns.

“In this way, the La Pieta photograph insists not on recognition but on reckoning, what Lisa Lowe has described as the work of ' activating an open, unending relationship to the past rather than a totalizing national narrative ' in order to ' move us from individualized mourning to projects of collective war memories, social movements for redress and reparations, or public campaigns for the”

• cites Lowe 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Overseas Filipino workers have crystallized into an ideal mode of citizenship rather than being an aberrational byproduct or heroic workforce.

“For instance, while a new era of national prosperity through Philippine economic growth was promised, overseas Filipino workers have crystallized into an ideal mode of citizenship rather than being an aberrational byproduct or heroic workforce.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Komenich's classification of the marchers as 'all women' invokes women's subjectification under the Marcos regime.

“Komenich ' s classi fi cation of the marchers as ' all women ' invokes women ' s subjecti fi cation under the Marcos regime.”

May combine two claims.

Imelda Marcos critiqued Western liberalism as a colonial model, but her own notion of progress subscribed to liberal discourses of development.

“It is important to note that even as Imelda Marcos critiqued ' Western liberalism ' as a colonial model, her own notion of progress subscribed to liberal discourses of development.”