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DISSECTING THE GRAVITATIONAL LENS B1608+656. II. PRECISION MEASUREMENTS OF THE HUBBLE CONSTANT, SPATIAL CURVATURE, AND THE DARK ENERGY EQUATION OF STATE
Open accessAbstract
Strong gravitational lens systems with measured time delays between the multiple images provide a method for measuring the "time-delay distance" to the lens, and thus the Hubble constant. We present a Bayesian analysis of the strong gravitational lens system B1608+656, incorporating (1) new, deep Hubble Space Telescope ( HST ) observations, (2) a new velocity-dispersion measurement of 260 ± 15 km s −1 for the primary lens galaxy, and (3) an updated study of the lens' environment. Our analysis of the HST images takes into account the extended source surface brightness, and the dust extinction and optical emission by the interacting lens galaxies. When modeling the stellar dynamics of the primary lens galaxy, the lensing effect, and the environment of the lens, we explicitly include the total mass distribution profile logarithmic slope γ' and the external convergence κ ext ; we marginalize over these parameters, assigning well-motivated priors for them, and so turn the major systematic errors into statistical ones. The HST images provide one such prior, constraining the lens mass density profile logarithmic slope to be γ' = 2.08 ± 0.03; a combination of numerical simulations and photometric observations of the B1608+656 field provides an estimate of the prior for κ ext : 0.10 +0.08 −0.05 . This latter distribution dominates the final uncertainty on H 0 . Fixing the cosmological parameters at Ω m = 0.3, Ω Λ = 0.7, and w = −1 in order to compare with previous work on this system, we find H 0 = 70.6 +3.1 −3.1 km s −1 Mpc −1 . The new data provide an increase in precision of more than a factor of 2, even including the marginalization over κ ext . Relaxing the prior probability density function for the cosmological parameters to that derived from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP ) five-year data set, we find that the B1608+656 data set breaks the degeneracy between Ω m and Ω Λ at w = −1 and constrains the curvature parameter to be −0.031 < Ω k < 0.009 (95% CL), a level of precision comparable to that afforded by the current Type Ia SNe sample. Asserting a flat spatial geometry, we find that, in combination with WMAP , H 0 = 69.7 +4.9 −5.0 km s −1 Mpc −1 and w = −0.94 +0.17 −0.19 (68% CL), suggesting that the observations of B1608+656 constrain w as tightly as the current Baryon Acoustic Oscillation data do.
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“Time delays of galaxy-scale lensed quasars will allow one to measure Hubble ' s constant ( e.g., Suyu et al. 2010; Bonvin et al. 2017 ) in hundreds of systems; subpercentlevel precision in H ( z ) should be achievable ( Coe & Moustakas 2009; Treu & Marshall 2016 ) , providing a further independent dark energy probe.”
From LSST: From Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products (2019) · cites this paper as Suyu et al. 2010
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MethodSelf-citationObservational constraints in general class of Bianchi models of f(R, T) gravity
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BackgroundConstraining VLBI−optical offsets in high redshift galaxies using strong gravitational lensing
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BackgroundInfluentialAn examination of geometrical and potential time delays in gravitational lensing
Tsupko, O. Y., Bisnovatyi-Kogan, G. S., Rogers, A., & Er, X. (2020) · Classical and Quantum Gravity · doi:10.1088/1361-6382/abae86 · Cited by 10
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“…lensed GRBs provide many of the same diagnostics available via the study of other time-variable lensed objects such as supernovae [24–26] or quasars [27], but also can probe much shorter delays, and offer a route to new tests of very low mass lenses and consequent short time delays created by them.”
Generalized Barrow entropic holographic dark energy with Granda–Oliver cut-off
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“Thus, , where is the Hubble constant at the present epoch (Suyu et al. 2010, Tegmark et al. 2004).”
BackgroundPark, J. W., Birrer, S., Ueland, M., Cranmer, M., Agnello, A., Wagner-Carena, S., Marshall, P. J., & Roodman, A. J. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acdc25 · Cited by 5
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“0.1, typical of our sample, this method yields yields a similar or slightly smaller dispersion in κext, giving confidence that our prior is reasonable (e.g., Oguri et al. 2005; Suyu et al. 2010).”
InfluentialSelf-citationKernel regression estimates of time delays between gravitationally lensed fluxes
Otaibi, S. A., Peter Tiňo, B., Cuevas-Tello, J. C., Mandel, I., & Raychaudhury, S. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw510 · Cited by 5
“…quasars with time-delay measurements include RXJ11311231 (e.g., Suyu et al. 2013; Tewes et al. 2013) and B1608+656 (e.g., Fassnacht et al. 2002; Suyu et al. 2010; Greene et al. 2013); Q0957+561 (e.g., Oguri 2007; Fadely et al. 2010; Hainline et al. 2012); SDSS J1650+4251 and HE 0435-1223…”
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“Suyu et al. (2010) obtain Hubble constant (H0 = 70.6 ± 3.1 km/s/Mpc) with a single, well constrained observationally strong lens B1698+656 using a cosmological model with fixed density parameters.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialOn the viability of a certain vector-tensor theory of gravitation
Dale, R., & Sáez, D. (2010) · Astrophysics and Space Science · doi:10.1007/s10509-011-0842-3 · Cited by 5
“Let us begin with the pair h = 0.82, Ωm = 0.25, which is not a good choice from the point of view of supernovae and h measurements (see Suyu et al. (2010)); however, it appears to be the best choice to deal with the CMB (see below).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe AGEL Survey Data Release 2: A Gravitational Lens Sample for Galaxy Evolution and Cosmology
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Heydenreich, S., Mediavilla, E., Jiménez-Vicente, J., Vives-Arias, H., & Muñoz, J. A. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202449216 · Cited by 4
Stability of power law cosmological model in f ( Q ) gravity
Garg, P., & Bhardwaj, V. K. (2023) · Canadian Journal of Physics · doi:10.1139/cjp-2023-0113 · Cited by 4
Williams, D. M., Treu, T., Birrer, S., Shajib, A. J., Wong, K. C., Morishita, T., Schmidt, T., & Stiavelli, M. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202554359 · Cited by 4
Self-citationPayandeh, F., & Fathi, M. (2013) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/442/1/012053 · Cited by 4
The Fresnel space imager as a disk evolution watcher
de Castro, A. I. G. (2011) · Experimental Astronomy · doi:10.1007/s10686-011-9223-8 · Cited by 4
Features of gravitational interaction as the basis of “Dark Energy” in the gas of null strings
Lelyakov, A. P., & Lelyakov, S. A. (2023) · International Journal of Modern Physics A · doi:10.1142/s0217751x23500288 · Cited by 4
Peculiar velocity effects on the Hubble constant from time-delay cosmography
Dalang, C., Millon, M., & Baker, T. (2023) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.107.123528 · Cited by 4
Simulation-guided galaxy evolution inference: A case study with strong lensing galaxies
Filipp, A., Shu, Y., Pakmor, R., Suyu, S. H., & Huang, X. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202346594 · Cited by 4
Self-citationObservational constraint in f(R, ∇R) gravity model in power-law cosmology
Dixit, A. (2024) · Canadian Journal of Physics · doi:10.1139/cjp-2023-0122 · Cited by 4
Sanders, A. J., Gillies, G. T., & Schmutzer, E. (2010) · Annalen der Physik · doi:10.1002/andp.201010460 · Cited by 3
Confirmation of the non-existence of a projective plane of order 10
Roy, D. (2011) · doi:10.22215/etd/2011-09202 · Cited by 4
Deep inference of simulated strong lenses in ground-based surveys
Poh, J., Samudre, A., Ćiprijanović, A., Frieman, J. A., Khullar, G., & Nord, B. (2025) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2025/05/053 · Cited by 3
A joint analysis of strong lensing and type Ia supernovae to determine the Hubble constant
Colaço, L. R., Holanda, R. F. L., Santana, Z. C., & Silva, R. (2025) · The European Physical Journal C · doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14315-6 · Cited by 3
FBQ 0951+2635: Time delay and structure of the main lensing galaxy
Shalyapin, V. N., Goicoechea, L. J., & Ruiz-Hinojosa, E. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202452234 · Cited by 3
Using gravitational wave to test general relativity
Cao, Z., & He, X. (2018) · Zhongguo kexue. Wulixue Lixue Tianwenxue · doi:10.1360/sspma2018-00099 · Cited by 3
Isochronous cosmological solutions of the Friedmann–Robertson–Walker model
Chen, A., He, X., & Tian, C. (2019) · Modern Physics Letters A · doi:10.1142/s0217732319500627 · Cited by 3
Forecasts analysis on varying- α theories from gravitational wave standard sirens
Colaço, L. R., Holanda, R. F. L., Nunes, R. C., & Gonzalez, J. E. (2023) · Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1016/j.astropartphys.2023.102911 · Cited by 7
Thin tubes of a massless scalar field as a possible source of dark energy
Lelyakov, A. P., & Lelyakov, S. A. (2023) · Classical and Quantum Gravity · doi:10.1088/1361-6382/ad1710 · Cited by 3
“…probes, for example, include: research of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) [39–42], measurements of type Ia supernovae [43]; baryon acoustic oscillations [44–46]; galaxy clustering [47]; galaxy cluster counts [48]; strong gravitational lensing [49, 50]; and weak gravitational lensing [51, 52].”
Revisiting the Hubble Constant, Sound Horizon, and Cosmography from Late-time Universe Observations
Yang, Z., Liu, T., & Li, X. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adb7e5 · Cited by 3
Mercier, C. (2021) · Journal of Modern Physics · doi:10.4236/jmp.2021.1212098 · Cited by 3
The robustness of angular diameter distances to the lens in the B1608+656 and RXJ1131-1231 systems
Holanda, R. F. L. (2016) · Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1016/j.astropartphys.2016.09.001 · Cited by 3
“…so-called time-delay measurement, ∆t, caused by the difference in length of the optical paths and the gravitational time dilation for the ray passing through the effective gravitational potential of the lens (Refsdal 1964; Schneider et al. 1992; Schneider et al. 2006; Treu 2010; Suyu et al. 2010).”
BackgroundA Review on Resolving the Hubble Tension via Late-Universe Physics
Jia, X.-D., Dai, X.-Y., Yang, Y., & Wang, F. Y. (2026) · Galaxies · doi:10.3390/galaxies14030055 · Cited by 2
“The distribution of other matter along the light path also produces weak gravitational lensing effects, leading to a biased H 0 [94,95].”
A dedicated source-position transformation package: pySPT
Wertz, O., & Orthen, B. (2018) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201732242 · Cited by 4
“A crucial step of this technique relies upon a robust characterization of the gravitational potential, which produces the multiply imaged configuration of a background bright quasar (see, e.g., Keeton 2003; Fassnacht et al. 2006; Suyu et al. 2010, 2013; Wong et al. 2011, 2017; Birrer et al. 2016).”
MethodDark energy from a gas of thin tubes of a massless scalar field
Lelyakov, A. P., & Lelyakov, S. A. (2024) · International Journal of Modern Physics A · doi:10.1142/s0217751x25500010 · Cited by 2
Rezaei, S., Chegeni, A., Nagam, B. C., McKean, J. P., Baratchi, M., Kuijken, K. H., & Koopmans, L. V. E. (2025) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staf327 · Cited by 2
Self-citationPradhan, A., Dixit, A., Gupta, S. K., & Krishnannair, S. (2025) · Gravitation and Cosmology · doi:10.1134/s0202289325700112 · Cited by 2
“0 km/s/Mpc was analyzed by Suyu et al. [53].”
Yang, J., Li, N., He, Z., Li, T., Zou, Z., & Shen, S. (2025) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific · doi:10.1088/1538-3873/ade400 · Cited by 2
The final candidate from the JVAS/CLASS search for 6-15 arcsec image separation lensing
McKean, J. P. (2010) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17954.x · Cited by 2
The Use of Statistics in Experimental Physics
Pfaff, T. J., Sipos, M., Sullivan, M. C., Thompson, B. G., & Tran, M. M. (2013) · Mathematics Magazine · doi:10.4169/math.mag.86.2.120 · Cited by 2
Strong lensing cross-sections for isothermal models. I. Finite source effects in the circular case
de Freitas, V. P., Makler, M., & Dúmet-Montoya, H. S. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2412 · Cited by 2
“…the gravitational telescope effect (Caminha et al. 2016; Negrello et al. 2017; Goobar et al. 2017; Zavala et al. 2017); to constrain cosmological models (Suyu et al. 2010; Cao et al. 2015; Treu & Marshall 2016); and to test modified gravity theories (Schwab et al. 2010; Enander & Mörtsell 2013).”
BackgroundNew Cosmological Model and Its Implications on Observational Data Interpretation
Vlahović, B. (2013) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/epjconf/20135802012/pdf · Cited by 2
Detection of unresolved strongly lensed supernovae with the 7-Dimensional Telescope
Khalouei, E., Shafieloo, A., Kim, A., Keeley, R. E., Sheu, W., Paek, G. S. H., Im, M., Huang, X., & Lee, H. M. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202553880 · Cited by 1
Time-delay cosmography: analysis of quadruply lensed QSO SDSSJ1433 from Wendelstein Observatory
Queirolo, G., Seitz, S., Riffeser, A., Kluge, M., Ecker, L. R., Bender, R., Gössl, C. A., Hopp, U., Ries, C., Schmidt, M., et al. (2025) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staf1186 · Cited by 1
Impact of Large-scale Structure along the Line of Sight on Time-delay Cosmography
Lin, S., Hu, B., Wei, C., Li, G., Shu, Y., Er, X., & 范祖辉 (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ae8538 · Cited by 1
Schuldt, S., Grillo, C., Acebrón, A., Bergamini, P., Mercurio, A., Rosati, P., & Suyu, S. H. (2026) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202557680 · Cited by 1
Self-citationTaubenberger, S., Acebrón, A., Cañameras, R., Chen, T.-W., Galan, A., Grillo, C., Melo, A., Schuldt, S., Schweinfurth, A. G., Suyu, S. H., et al. (2026) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202557847 · Cited by 1
Self-citationTime delay measurements with broken power-law model
Rui, G., Hu, B., & Du, W. (2026) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stag796 · Cited by 1
Extragalactic test of general relativity with time-delay gravitational lenses
Guo, W., Cao, S., Wang, Q., Chen, Y., Biesiada, M., Liu, T., & Lian, Y. (2026) · The European Physical Journal C · doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-026-15856-0 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Suyu, S. H., Marshall, P. J., Auger, M. W., Hilbert, S., Blandford, R. D., Koopmans, L. V. E., Fassnacht, C. D., & Treu, T.
- Affiliations
- University of Bonn (DE)
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (US)
- University of Groningen (NL)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Suyu, S. H.
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2010-02-10
- Volume
- 711
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 201-221
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W2143112358
- Cited by
- 454
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 16.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0444059, 0642621, DE-AC02-76SF00515, CAREER, NAS 5-26555)
- U.S. Department of Energy (76SF00515, DE–AC02–76SF00515, AC02‐76SF00515, NAS 5-26555, DE-AC02-)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NAS 526555, 526555)
- Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
- Space Telescope Science Institute (NAS5- 26555, 5-26555, 26555)
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DE-AC02-76SF00515, NAS 5-26555)
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (10158)
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (ST/H00243X/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Keywords
- strong gravitational lensing, Hubble constant, time-delay distance, dark energy equation of state, spatial curvature, lens mass profile, external convergence, velocity dispersion, interstellar extinction, cosmological parameter constraints, Bayesian analysis
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