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MAPPING THE SHORES OF THE BROWN DWARF DESERT. II. MULTIPLE STAR FORMATION IN TAURUS-AURIGA
Open accessAbstract
We have conducted a high-resolution imaging study of the Taurus–Auriga star-forming region in order to characterize the primordial outcome of multiple star formation and the extent of the brown dwarf desert. Our survey identified 16 new binary companions to primary stars with masses of 0.25–2.5 M ☉ , raising the total number of binary pairs (including components of high-order multiples) with separations of 3–5000 AU to 90. We find that ∼2/3–3/4 of all Taurus members are multiple systems of two or more stars, while the other ∼1/4–1/3 appear to have formed as single stars; the distribution of high-order multiplicity suggests that fragmentation into a wide binary has no impact on the subsequent probability that either component will fragment again. The separation distribution for solar-type stars (0.7–2.5 M ☉ ) is nearly log-flat over separations of 3–5000 AU, but lower-mass stars (0.25–0.7 M ☉ ) show a paucity of binary companions with separations of ≳200 AU. Across this full mass range, companion masses are well described with a linear-flat function; all system mass ratios ( q = M B / M A ) are equally probable, apparently including substellar companions. Our results are broadly consistent with the two expected modes of binary formation (free-fall fragmentation on large scales and disk fragmentation on small scales), but the distributions provide some clues as to the epochs at which the companions are likely to form.
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“The multiplicity of class I young stellar objects (YSOs) in embedded clusters and pre-MS stars in young associations is high and ranges from 20% to 60% for the ∼10 1.5 -10 2.5 AU separation range and mass ratios of ∼0.1-1”
From PLANETARY CONSTRUCTION ZONES IN OCCULTATION: DISCOVERY OF AN EXTRASOLAR RING SYSTEM TRANSITING A YOUNG SUN-LIKE STAR AND FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR DETECTING ECLIPSES BY CIRCUMSECONDARY AND CIRCUMPLANETARY DISKS (2012) · cites this paper as Kraus et al. 2011
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“The number of binaries is flat in log period or semi-major axis space (Halbwachs et al. 2003;Kraus et al. 2011), and young binaries are similar to field population in this respect (Duchêne et al. 2007).”
From PLANETARY CONSTRUCTION ZONES IN OCCULTATION: DISCOVERY OF AN EXTRASOLAR RING SYSTEM TRANSITING A YOUNG SUN-LIKE STAR AND FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR DETECTING ECLIPSES BY CIRCUMSECONDARY AND CIRCUMPLANETARY DISKS (2012) · cites this paper as Kraus et al. 2011
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“However, this is difficult to formulate as binary identifications are not complete at mass ratios less than 0.1 (e.g., Kraus et al. 2011) and the number of secondaries hosting passive disks in the 10 7 year old age range is not well characterized.”
From PLANETARY CONSTRUCTION ZONES IN OCCULTATION: DISCOVERY OF AN EXTRASOLAR RING SYSTEM TRANSITING A YOUNG SUN-LIKE STAR AND FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR DETECTING ECLIPSES BY CIRCUMSECONDARY AND CIRCUMPLANETARY DISKS (2012) · cites this paper as Kraus et al. 2011
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 324
Integral Field Spectroscopy of the Low-mass Companion HD 984 B with the Gemini Planet Imager
Johnson-Groh, M., Marois, C., Rosa, R. J. D., Nielsen, E. L., Rameau, J., Blunt, S. C., Vargas, J., Ammons, S. M., Bailey, V. P., Barman, T., et al. (2017) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa6480 · Cited by 23
“Kraus et al. (2011) find a flat mass-ratio distribution for solar type stars, which they state to be consistent with formation via fragmentation on small scales, however their sample does not extend below q = 0.1.”
BackgroundInfluentialSparse aperture masking interferometry survey of transitional discs
Willson, M., Kraus, S., Kluska, J., Monnier, J. D., Ireland, M., Aarnio, A., Sitko, M. L., Calvet, N., Espaillat, C. C., & Wilner, D. J. (2016) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201628859 · Cited by 22
“This is higher than the detection rate that was found in surveys of other object classes (14%: Kraus et al. 2008; 20%: Kraus et al. 2011) conducted with Keck/NIRC2 SAM interferometry with a same observational setup and a similar data analysis scheme.”
ResultSelf-citationSPYGLASS. II. The Multigenerational and Multiorigin Star Formation History of Cepheus Far North
Kerr, R. M. P., Kraus, A. L., Murphy, S. J., Krolikowski, D. M., Offner, S. S. R., Tofflemire, B. M., & Rizzuto, A. C. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac9b45 · Cited by 22
Self-citationBinary Star Evolution in Different Environments: Filamentary, Fractal, Halo, and Tidal Tail Clusters
Pang, X., Wang, Y., Tang, S.-Y., Rui, Y., Bai, J., Li, C., Feng, F., Kouwenhoven, M. B. N., Chen, W.-P., & Chuang, R.-J. (2023) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ace76c · Cited by 22
SMA 200–400 GHz Survey for Dust Properties in the Icy Class II Disks in the Taurus Molecular Cloud
Chung, C.-Y., Andrews, S. M., Gurwell, M., Wright, M. C. H., Long, F., Xu, W., & Liu, H. B. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ad528b · Cited by 22
Herschel PACS Observations of 4–10 Myr Old Classical T Tauri Stars in Orion OB1
Maucó, K., Briceño, C. A., Calvet, N., Hernández, J., Ballesteros‐Paredes, J., González, O., Espaillat, C. C., Li, D., Telesco, C. M., Downes, J. J., et al. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aabf40 · Cited by 22
“…angular resolution instruments, observational evidence implying the presence of (proto)planets has increased over the years (e.g., Huélamo et al. 2011; Kraus et al. 2011; Pinilla et al. 2015; Follette et al. 2015; Sallum et al. 2015, 2016; de Juan Ovelar et al. 2016; Andrews et al. 2016).”
BackgroundThe dipper population of Taurus seen with K2
Roggero, N., Bouvier, J., Rebull, L. M., & Cody, A. M. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140646 · Cited by 22
The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs
Baroch, D., Morales, J. C., Ribas, I., Béjar, V. J. S., Reffert, S., Guillén, C. C., Reiners, A., Caballero, J. A., Quirrenbach, A., Amado, P. J., et al. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141031 · Cited by 22
New binaries from the SHINE survey
Bonavita, M., Gratton, R., Desidera, S., Squicciarini, V., D’Orazi, V., Zurlo, A., Biller, B. A., Chauvin, G., Fontanive, C., Janson, M., et al. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140510 · Cited by 21
A Search for Intermediate-separation Low-mass Binaries in the Orion Nebula Cluster
Furio, M. D., Reiter, M., Meyer, M. R., Greenbaum, A. Z., Dupuy, T., & Kraus, A. L. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab4ae3 · Cited by 21
“After completeness corrections provided by Bayesian analysis, Kraus et al. (2011) find a companion frequency of 79+12%−11% over separations 3 - 5000 AU and over all mass ratios (q = 0 - 1) for their low-mass star sample of mass 0.25 - 0.7 M .”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationGoodbye to Chi by Eye: A Bayesian Analysis of Photometric Binaries in Six Open Clusters
Childs, A. C., Geller, A. M., von Hippel, T., Motherway, E., & Zwicker, C. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad18c0 · Cited by 20
The binary mass ratios of circumbinary planet hosts
Martin, D. V. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz959 · Cited by 20
“This corresponds to the so-called brown dwarf desert (Marcy & Butler 2000; Sahlmann et al. 2011; Kraus et al. 2011; Cheetham et al. 2015).”
BackgroundThe James Webb Space Telescope aperture masking interferometer
Soulain, A., Sivaramakrishnan, A., Tuthill, P., Thatte, D., Volk, K., Cooper, R., Albert, L., Artigau, É., Cook, N. J., Doyon, R., et al. (2020) · SPIE Optical and Infrared Interferometry and Imaging · doi:10.1117/12.2560804 · Cited by 20
“These contrast limits are notably close to the best contrast ratio reported from the ground with the NRM techniques.(47,48)”
ResultSystematic Multiepoch Monitoring of LkCa 15: Dynamic Dust Structures on Solar System Scales
Sallum, S., Eisner, J. A., Skemer, A. J. I., & Murray-Clay, R. A. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ace16c · Cited by 19
Data Reduction and Image Reconstruction Techniques for Non-redundant Masking
Sallum, S., & Eisner, J. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/aa90bb · Cited by 19
“Keck surveys of young stars (e.g. Kraus et al. 2011) detected companions of roughly these angular separations and magnitude ranges (and those in Model 1).”
BackgroundLong-lived Protoplanetary Disks in Multiple Systems: The VLA View of HD 98800
Ribas, Á., Macías, E., Espaillat, C. C., & Duchêne, G. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aad81b · Cited by 19
Dynamical Masses of Young Stars. II. Young Taurus Binaries Hubble 4, FF Tau, and HP Tau/G3
Rizzuto, A. C., Dupuy, T. J., Ireland, M. J., & Kraus, A. L. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab5aed · Cited by 21
“Kraus et al. (2011) surveyed HPTau/G2 with NIRC2 coronagraphy and aperture masking, and did not find a nearby companion.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationSierra, A., Pérez, L. M., Sotomayor, B., Benisty, M., Chandler, C. J., Andrews, S. M., Carpenter, J. M., Henning, T. K., Testi, L., Ricci, L., et al. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad7460 · Cited by 18
USco1621 B and USco1556 B: Two wide companions at the deuterium-burning mass limit in Upper Scorpius
Chinchilla, P., Béjar, V. J. S., Lodieu, N., Gauza, B., Osorio, M. R. Z., Rebolo, R., Pérez-Garrido, A., Alvarez, C., & Manjavacas, E. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936130 · Cited by 17
“For example, Kraus et al. (2011) carried out a search for wide binaries in the Taurus-Auriga star-forming region, exploring separations of 3–5000 AU, finding that only 25– 32% of the stars in the region are single, whereas the majority of them are part of a multiple system, either with stellar or…”
BackgroundThe dependence of episodic accretion on eccentricity during the formation of binary stars
Kuruwita, R. L., Federrath, C., & Haugbølle, T. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038181 · Cited by 18
“…the low disc frequency around binaries of separation a < 40 AU Article published by EDP Sciences A59, page 1 of 13 (Cieza et al. 2009; Duchêne 2010; Kraus et al. 2011); however, Kuruwita et al. (2018) find that overall, the lifetime of discs in binaries may not vary significantly compared to disc…”
BackgroundThe first interferometric survey of massive YSOs in the K-band
Koumpia, E., de Wit, W. J., Oudmaijer, R. D., Frost, A. J., Lumsden, S. L., Garatti, A. C. O., Goodwin, S. P., Stecklum, B., Mendigutía, I., Ilee, J. D., et al. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141373 · Cited by 18
The active weak-line T Tauri star LkCa 4 observed with SPIRou and TESS
Finociety, B., Donati, J. ‐., Grankin, K. N., Bouvier, J., Alencar, S. H. P., Ménard, F., Ray, T. P., & Kóspál, Á. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad267 · Cited by 17
Paolino, F. P., Bary, J. S., Hillenbrand, L. A., & Markham, M. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad393b · Cited by 17
Self-citationTHE TRANSITIONAL DISK AROUND IRAS 04125+2902
Espaillat, C. C., Andrews, S. M., Powell, D., Feldman, D., Qi, C., Wilner, D. J., & D’Alessio, P. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/807/2/156 · Cited by 16
“Potential protoplanets have also been identified in these disks (e.g., Kraus et al. 2011; Huélamo et al. 2011; Reggiani et al. 2014; Biller et al. 2014), lending further support to the idea that planets are leading to the observed disk clearings.”
BackgroundTESTING THE BINARY TRIGGER HYPOTHESIS IN FUors
Green, J. D., Kraus, A. L., Rizzuto, A. C., Ireland, M., Dupuy, T. J., Mann, A. W., & Kuruwita, R. L. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/830/1/29 · Cited by 16
“As we described in Kraus et al. (2008, 2011), NRM observations can yield contrasts as deep asD ~K 4 at 1/2l D with observations of ∼15minutes, and we have used the technique to identify dozens of binary companions that fall inside the detection limits of traditional imaging surveys, although FUors…”
MethodSelf-citationEvolution of binary seeds in collapsing protostellar gas clouds
佐塚, 達., Tsuribe, T., Tanaka, S., & Nagamine, K. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2709 · Cited by 16
“In contrast, the number of binaries with low-mass YSOs increases with increasingq (Kraus et al. 2011), and have a log-normal separation distribution.”
BackgroundCeau, A., Mary, D. L., Greenbaum, A. Z., Martinache, F., Sivaramakrishnan, A., Laugier, R., & N’Diaye, M. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935247 · Cited by 16
“NRM interferometry is now routinely used and has led to a variety of studies, e.g. Sallum et al. (2015); Kraus et al. (2008, 2011).”
MethodSelf-citationStatistics of Wide Pre-main-sequence Binaries in the Orion OB1 Association
Tokovinin, A. A., Petr-Gotzens, M. G., & Briceño, C. A. (2020) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abc2d6 · Cited by 16
“In the separation range of 1.2 dex from 222 to 3552 au that corresponds to the first four bins in Table 6, the sample of 142 stars in Taurus counts 31 companions (Joncour et al. 2017), hence f=0.22±0.04 (the same number can be deduced by summing the last four bins of Figure 4 in Kraus et al. 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialVillenave, M., Benisty, M., Dent, W. R. F., Ménard, F., Garufi, A., Ginski, C., Pinilla, P., Pinte, C., Williams, J. P., de Boer, J., et al. (2019) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1902.04612 · Cited by 15
“Kraus et al. (2008, 2011) performed a high-resolution imaging studies of Taurus-Auriga and Upper Sco star-forming regions to identify companions down to 8 to 12 MJ .”
MethodSmall and Large Dust Cavities in Disks around Mid-M Stars in Taurus
Shi, Y.-F., Long, F., Herczeg, G., Harsono, D., Liu, Y., Pinilla, P., Ragusa, E., Johnstone, D., Bai, X.-N., Pascucci, I., et al. (2024) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad2e94 · Cited by 9
Herbig AeBe stars: multiplicity and consequences
Duchêne, G. (2014) · Astrophysics and Space Science · doi:10.1007/s10509-014-2173-7 · Cited by 15
“Consequently comparisons between various multiplicity surveys are often imperfect and limited to subsets of the parameter space, and/or require a simple parametrization of the underlying distribution of physical parameters (e.g., Kouwenhoven et al. 2007; Kraus et al. 2011).”
BackgroundResultKounkel, M., Stassun, K. G., Hillenbrand, L. A., Hernández, J., Serna, J., & Curtis, J. L. (2023) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/acc2bd · Cited by 14
Self-citationFrom Large-scale to Protostellar Disk Fragmentation into Close Binary Stars
Sigalotti, L. D. G., Cruz, F., Gabbasov, R., Klapp, J., & Ramírez-Velásquez, J. M. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aab619 · Cited by 14
“This scenario of star formation seems to be consistent with multiplicity surveys of the stellar population in nearby star-forming regions (Connelley et al. 2008; Kraus et al. 2011; Tobin et al. 2016a).”
ResultMillimeter observations of the disk around GW Orionis
Fang, M., Sicilia-Aguilar, A., Wilner, D., Wang, Y., Roccatagliata, V., Fedele, D., & Wang, J. Z. (2017) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201628792 · Cited by 14
“Spectroscopic and imaging surveys suggest that a majority of young stars are formed in binary/multiple systems (Ghez et al. 1993; Leinert et al. 1993; Ghez et al. 1997; Lafrenière et al. 2008; Kraus et al. 2011).”
BackgroundSallum, S., Skemer, A. J., Eisner, J. A., van der Marel, N., Sheehan, P. D., Close, L. M., Ireland, M. J., Males, J. M., Morzinski, K. M., Bailey, V. P., et al. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab3dae · Cited by 14
Self-citationStolker, T., Kammerer, J., Benisty, M., Blakely, D., Johnstone, D., Sitko, M. L., Berger, J.-P., Sánchez-Bermúdez, J., Garufi, A., Lacour, S., et al. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347291 · Cited by 13
B- and A-Type Stars in the Taurus-Auriga Star-Forming Region
Knapp, G. R., Padgett, D. L., Hillenbrand, L. A., Rebull, L. M., & Mooley, K. P. (2013) · NASA STI Repository (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) · Cited by 13
Self-citationLuo, Q., Liu, T., Tatematsu, K., Liu, S., Li, P. S., Francesco, J. D., Johnstone, D., Goldsmith, P. F., Dutta, S., Hirano, N., et al. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac66d9 · Cited by 13
Imaging protoplanets: observing transition disks with non-redundant masking
Sallum, S., Eisner, J., Close, L. M., Hinz, P. M., Follette, K. B., Kratter, K. M., Skemer, A. J. I., Bailey, V. P., Briguglio, R. A., Defrère, D., et al. (2016) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.2231764 · Cited by 13
“However, stellar mass companions have been ruled out in approximately half of known transition disks.(10,11) This leaves the possibility that planetary mass companions are responsible for the disk clearings.”
BackgroundTHE LONG-TERM DYNAMICAL EVOLUTION OF DISK-FRAGMENTED MULTIPLE SYSTEMS IN THE SOLAR NEIGHBORHOOD
Li, Y., Kouwenhoven, M. B. N., Stamatellos, D., & Goodwin, S. P. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/831/2/166 · Cited by 13
“…number of close BDs decreases more strongly than the number of close LMSs, the BD desert (Marcy & Butler 2000; Grether & Lineweaver 2006; Kouwenhoven et al. 2007; Kraus et al. 2008, 2011; Sahlmann et al. 2011) of set 1 becomes more prominent at the end of Stage II than it is at the end of Stage I.”
BackgroundMid-infrared interferometric variability of DG Tauri: Implications for the inner-disk structure
Varga, J., Gabányi, K. É., Ábrahám, P., Chen, L., Kóspál, Á., Menu, J., Ratzka, T., van Boekel, R., Dullemond, C. P., Henning, T. K., et al. (2017) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201630287 · Cited by 13
Circumstellar and Circumbinary Discs in Multiple Stellar Systems
Cuello, N., Alaguero, A., & Poblete, P. P. (2025) · Symmetry · doi:10.3390/sym17030344 · Cited by 12
Reverse dynamical evolution ofηChamaeleontis
Becker, C., Moraux, E., Duchêne, G., Maschberger, T., & Lawson, W. (2013) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219204 · Cited by 12
“Nevertheless, recent studies of both the galactic field (Raghavan et al. 2010; Reggiani & Meyer 2011) and star forming regions (Kraus et al. 2008, 2011) indicate that, whereas there is no clear and unique best fit, aflat mass ratio distribution may be a better fit than a random pairing.”
BackgroundResidual Gas and Dust around Transition Objects and Weak T Tauri Stars*
Doppmann, G. W., Najita, J. R., & Carr, J. S. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa5c3c · Cited by 12
“Hubble4, HBC427, V827Tau, and TWA5 are spectroscopic binaries (Walter et al. 1988; Neuhäuser et al. 2001; Kraus et al. 2011; Mahmud et al. 2011).”
BackgroundM-dwarf binaries as tracers of star and brown dwarf formation
Marks, M., Janson, M., Kroupa, P., Leigh, N. W. C., & Thies, I. (2015) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1361 · Cited by 12
“In addition, very young regions like Tau and CrA (Kohler & Leinert 1998; Köhler et al. 2008; Kraus et al. 2011) as well as proto-stellar binaries (Connelley et al. 2008) exhibit a binary excess at long periods that do not support a field-like formation scenario.”
BackgroundFormation of multiple low-mass stars, brown dwarfs, and planemos via gravitational collapse
Riaz, R., Vanaverbeke, S., & Schleicher, D. R. G. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1409 · Cited by 12
“…there has been a considerable effort to understand numerically the formation mechanism of brown dwarf both by the scenario of disk fragmentation (Kraus et al. 2011; Stamatellos and Whitworth 2008; Stamatellos et al. 2007; Goodwin and Whitworth 2007; Bate et al. 2002) and as ejected stellar…”
BackgroundPTFO 8-8695: Two Stars, Two Signals, No Planet
Bouma, L. G., Winn, J. N., Ricker, G. R., Vanderspek, R. K., Latham, D. W., Seager, S., Jenkins, J. M., Barclay, T., Collins, K. A., Doty, J., et al. (2020) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab9e73 · Cited by 13
MASSES AND DISTANCE OF THE YOUNG BINARY NTTS 045251+3016
Simon, M., Schaefer, G. H., Prato, L., Ruíz-Rodríguez, D., Karnath, N., Franz, O. G., & Wasserman, L. H. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/773/1/28 · Cited by 12
“Neither PSF star is known to have companions (Leinert et al. 1993; Prato et al. 2008; Kraus et al. 2011) and, at the distance of the Taurus SFR, their diameters are unresolvable by the AO observations.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialStellar and circumstellar properties of visual binaries in the Orion Nebula Cluster
Correia, S., Duchêne, G., Reipurth, B., Zinnecker, H., Daemgen, S., Petr-Gotzens, M. G., Köhler, R., Ratzka, T., Aspin⋆, C., Konopacky, Q., et al. (2013) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220681 · Cited by 11
“…ratio have on average smaller separations than those with component spectral type (median of 20 mas vs 80 mas), this difference in mass ratio distribution is presumably not a selection effect since Kraus et al. (2011) did not find evidence for a variation of mass ratio distribution with separation.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialBulger, J., Patience, J. L., Ward-Duong, K., Pinte, C., Bouy, H., Ménard, F., & Monin, J.-L. (2014) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1407.4802 · Cited by 17
“Based on high resolution imaging, both the primary and secondary of the J04414565/J04414489 system posses close companions, while neither the primary nor secondary of the J04554757/J04554801 system has a close companion (Kraus et al. 2011; Todorov et al. 2014).”
BackgroundMethodEfficiently Searching for Close-in Companions Around Young M Dwarfs Using a Multiyear PSF Library
Sanghi, A., Xuan, J. W., Wang, J. J., Mawet, D., Bowler, B. P., Ngo, H., Bryan, M., Ruane, G., Absil, O., & Huby, E. (2024) · Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ad769f · Cited by 14
spamcart: a code for smoothed particle Monte Carlo radiative transfer
Lomax, O., & Whitworth, A. P. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw1568 · Cited by 11
“These systems are more common amongst pre-Main Sequence stars, embedded in star forming regions such as Taurus and Ophiuchus (e.g. Leinert et al. 1993; Ratzka, Köhler & Leinert 2005; Kraus et al. 2011).”
BackgroundMulti-epoch observations with high spatial resolution of multiple T Tauri systems
Csépány, G., van den Ancker, M. E., Ábrahám, P., Köhler, R., Brandner, W., Hormuth, F., & Hiss, H. (2017) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527494 · Cited by 11
“The HV Tau A-B pair was recently re-observed by Kraus et al. (2011) using the Keck telescope, and they reported 36.0 ± 0.2 mas for the separation and 326.6 ± 0.3 degree for the position angle.”
MethodInfluentialSearch for substellar-mass companions and asymmetries in their parent discs
Willson, M., Kraus, S., Kluska, J., Monnier, J. D., Ireland, M., Aarnio, A., Sitko, M. L., Calvet, N., Espaillat, C. C., & Wilner, D. J. (2016) · Open Research Exeter (University of Exeter) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1608.03629 · Cited by 11
“This is higher than the detection rate that was found in surveys of other object classes (14%: Kraus et al. 2008; 20%: Kraus et al. 2011) conducted with Keck/NIRC2 SAM interferometry with a same observational setup and a similar data analysis scheme.”
ResultSelf-citationHigh-resolution survey for planetary companions to young stars in the Taurus molecular cloud
Wallace, A. L., Kammerer, J., Ireland, M., Federrath, C., Kraus, A. L., Maddison, S., Rizzuto, A. C., Birchall, E. K., & Martinache, F. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2434 · Cited by 11
“Our targets were taken from Kraus et al. (2011).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationDemographics of the M-star Multiple Population in the Orion Nebula Cluster
Furio, M. D., Liu, C., Meyer, M. R., Reiter, M., Kraus, A. L., Dupuy, T. J., & Monnier, J. D. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aca285 · Cited by 9
Self-citationSites of Planet Formation in Binary Systems. II. Double the Disks in DF Tau
Kutra, T., Prato, L. A., Tofflemire, B. M., Akeson, R., Schaefer, G. H., Tang, S.-Y., Segura-Cox, D. M., Johns‐Krull, C. M., Kraus, A. L., Andrews, S. M., et al. (2024) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ad900a · Cited by 10
Self-citationMillimeter observations of the disk around GW Orionis
Fang, M., Sicilia‐Aguilar, A., Wilner, D. J., Wang, Y., Roccatagliata, V., Fedele, D., & Wang, J. (2017) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201628792/pdf · Cited by 10
Optical and Near-infrared Excesses are Correlated in T Tauri Stars
Sullivan, K., & Kraus, A. L. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac5744 · Cited by 10
Self-citationBinary Disruption and Ejected Stars from Hierarchical Star Cluster Assembly
Cournoyer-Cloutier, C., Karam, J., Sills, A., Zwart, S. P., & Wilhelm, M. J. C. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad7f50 · Cited by 9
Docobo, J. Á., Tamazian, V. S., & Campo, P. P. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty317 · Cited by 9
Carvalho, A. S., Johns‐Krull, C. M., Prato, L. A., & Anderson, J. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abe237 · Cited by 9
“Kraus et al. (2011) reported that Hubble 4 is in fact a binary system based on Keck Observatory speckle imaging.”
BackgroundMethodThe IGRINS YSO Survey II: Veiling Spectra of Pre-main-sequence Stars in Taurus-Auriga
Kidder, B. T., Mace, G. N., López–Valdivia, R., Sokal, K. R., Catlett, V. E., Gutiérrez, M., Tofflemire, B. M., & Jaffe, D. T. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac1dae · Cited by 9
The unlikely rise of masking interferometry: leading the way with 19th century technology
Tuthill, P. (2012) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.925794 · Cited by 9
Yasui, C., Izumi, N., Saito, M., Lau, R. M., Kobayashi, N., & Ressler, M. E. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad73a2 · Cited by 8
Astrometric view of companions in the inner dust cavities of protoplanetary discs
Vioque, M., Booth, R. A., Ragusa, E., Ribas, Á., Kurtovic, N. T., Rosotti, G. P., Penoyre, Z., Facchini, S., Garufi, A., Manara, C. F., et al. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202557086 · Cited by 8
Using binary statistics in Taurus-Auriga to distinguish between brown dwarf formation processes
Marks, M., Martín, E. L., Béjar, V. J. S., Lodieu, N., Kroupa, P., Manjavacas, E., Thies, I., Rebolo, R., & Velasco, S. (2017) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629457 · Cited by 8
“2, both the Kraus et al. (2011) and Daemgen et al. (2015) data are compatible with this initial population.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialStrampelli, G. M., Aguilar, J., Pueyo, L. A., Aparicio, A., Gennaro, M., Ubeda, L., & Robberto, M. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab8eb3 · Cited by 8
Resolving the binary components of the outbursting protostar HBC 494 with ALMA
Nogueira, P. H., Zurlo, A., Sebastian Perez, M., González-Ruilova, C., Cieza, L. A., Hales, A. S., Bhowmik, T., Ruiz-Rodriguez, D. A., Principe, D. A., Herczeg, G. J., et al. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1614 · Cited by 8
Dinnbier, F., Anderson, R. I., & Kroupa, P. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347641 · Cited by 7
de Sá, L. M., Rocha, L. S., Bernardo, A., Bachega, R. R. A., & Horvath, J. E. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae2281 · Cited by 7
NICMOS Kernel-phase Interferometry. I. Catalogue of Brown Dwarfs Observed in F110W and F170M
Factor, S. M., & Kraus, A. L. (2022) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac88d3 · Cited by 7
Self-citationBordier, E., de Wit, W. J., Frost, A. J., Sana, H., Pauwels, T., & Koumpia, E. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347548 · Cited by 7
An aperture masking mode for the MICADO instrument
Lacour, S., Baudoz, P., Gendron, E., Boccaletti, A., Galicher, R., Clénet, Y., Gratadour, ., Buey, T., Rousset, G., Hartl, M., et al. (2014) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.2057070 · Cited by 7
NICMOS Kernel-phase Interferometry. II. Demographics of Nearby Brown Dwarfs
Factor, S. M., & Kraus, A. L. (2023) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aca475 · Cited by 6
Self-citationMeasuring the Spot Variability of T Tauri Stars Using Near-infrared Atomic Fe and Molecular OH Lines
Tang, S.-Y., Johns‐Krull, C. M., Prato, L. A., & Stahl, A. G. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad5e7f · Cited by 6
Wide σ Orionis binaries resolved by UKIDSS
Caballero, J. A., Novalbos, I., Tobal, T., & Miret, F. X. (2017) · Astronomische Nachrichten · doi:10.1002/asna.201713314 · Cited by 6
“…Scorpius – Kraus et al. 2005; Bouy et al. 2006b; Kouwenhoven et al. 2007; Lafrenière et al. 2014), Taurus-Auriga (Ghez et al. 1993; Leinert et al. 1993; Kraus et al. 2011), the Orion Nebula Cluster (Padgett et al. 1997; Preibisch et al. 1999; Köhler et al. 2006; Reipurth et al. 2007), ρ…”
BackgroundDiscovery of an M-type companion to the Herbig Ae Star V1787 Ori
Arun, R., Mathew, B., Rengaswamy, S., Manoj, P., Narang, M., Kartha, S. S., & Maheswar, G. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3652 · Cited by 6
STELLAR MULTIPLICITY OF THE OPEN CLUSTER ASCC 113
Guerrero, C. A., Orlov, V. G., Monroy-Rodríguez, M. A., & Voitsekhovich, V. V. (2013) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/147/2/28 · Cited by 5
Dionatos, O., Woitke, P., Güdel, M., Degroote, P., Liebhart, A., Anthonioz, F., Antonellini, S., Baldovin-Saavedra, C., Carmona, A., Dominik, C., et al. (2019) · White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1902.11204 · Cited by 5
Prato, L. A. (2023) · The European Physical Journal Plus · doi:10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-03854-0 · Cited by 5
“, 7, 25, 26], and AO imaging [27–29] surveys, established the predominance of multiple systems in nearby, sparse regions of star formation such as Taurus and Upper Sco [30]: only ∼ 30 % of systems in Taurus are single stars [27].”
BackgroundStar-crossed Lovers DI Tau A and B: Orbit Characterization and Physical Properties Determination
Tang, S.-Y., Stahl, A. G., Prato, L. A., Schaefer, G. H., Johns‐Krull, C. M., Skiff, B. A., Beichman, C., & Uyama, T. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acc58b · Cited by 5
Study of infrared excess from circumstellar disks in binaries with Spitzer/IRAC
Itoh, Y., Fukagawa, M., Shibai, H., Sumi, T., & Yamamoto, K. (2015) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/psv071 · Cited by 5
“(1) White & Hillenbrand 2004; (2) White & Ghez 2001; (3) Kraus et al. 2011; (4) Correia et al. 2006; (5) Prato et al. 2003; (6) Kraus & Hillenbrand 2009b;(7) Wilking et al. 2005; (8) Kraus & Hillenbrand 2009a; (9) Monin et al. 1998; (10) Connelley & Greene 2010; (11) Kraus et al. 2007; (12)…”
BackgroundMethodVARIABLE ACCRETION PROCESSES IN THE YOUNG BINARY-STAR SYSTEM UY AUR
Stone, J. M., Eisner, J. A., Salyk, C., Kulesa, C., & McCarthy, D. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/792/1/56 · Cited by 5
“In fact, surveys of the young low-mass stars in the Taurus-Auriga star-forming region indicate a binary fraction of & 75% (Ghez et al. 1993; Leinert et al. 1993; Kraus et al. 2011).”
BackgroundStellar Obliquity Excitation via Disk-dispersal-driven Resonances in Binaries
Su, Y., & Lai, D. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adfcbf · Cited by 4
Variables in the Southern Polar Region Evryscope 2016 Data Set
Ratzloff, J. K., Corbett, H. T., Law, N. M., Barlow, B. N., Glazier, A., Howard, W. S., Fors, O., del Ser, D., & Trifonov, T. (2019) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific · doi:10.1088/1538-3873/ab1d77 · Cited by 4
“Relatively few low-mass (M-dwarf or late-Kdwarf secondary) eclipsing binaries have been discovered (Kraus et al. 2011; Law et al. 2012; Chaturvedi et al. 2018), and many are too faint for easy radial-velocity followup measurements.”
BackgroundDetecting and Characterizing Exoplanets with Direct Imaging: Past, Present, and Future
Biller, B. A. (2013) · Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s1743921313007667 · Cited by 4
Using binary statistics in Taurus-Auriga to distinguish between brown dwarf formation processes
Marks, M., Martín, E. L., Béjar, V. J. S., Lodieu, N., Kroupa, P., Manjavacas, E., Thies, I., López, R. R., & Velasco, S. (2017) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629457/pdf · Cited by 4
Koen, C. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1038 · Cited by 4
“Low-mass pre-main-sequence stars however have been shown to companion fractions up to twice as high in dispersed clusters such as Upper Sco and Taurus (Kraus et al. 2008, 2011).”
BackgroundTottle, J., & Mohanty, S. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/805/1/57 · Cited by 4
Synthetic observations of protostellar multiple systems
Lomax, O., & Whitworth, A. P. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx3357 · Cited by 3
“However, in all these cases the stars are single, and there is growing observational and theoretical evidence that a large fraction of stars form as multiples (e.g., Kraus et al. 2011; Holman et al. 2013; Bate 2014; Lomax et al. 2015).”
BackgroundThe Role of Discs in the Collapse and Fragmentation of Prestellar Cores
Lomax, O., Whitworth, A. P., & Hubber, D. A. (2016) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia · doi:10.1017/pasa.2015.55 · Cited by 3
“Sextuple systems similar to this are found in starforming regions (Kraus et al. 2011) and the field Eggleton & Tokovinin (2008); Tokovinin (2008).”
BackgroundWhere to Find Overmassive Brown Dwarfs: New Benchmark Systems for Binary Evolution
Majidi, D., Forbes, J. C., & Loeb, A. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac6501 · Cited by 3
A Theoretical Perspective on the Formation and Fragmentation of Protostellar Discs
Whitworth, A., & Lomax, O. (2016) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia · doi:10.1017/pasa.2015.54 · Cited by 2
“Additionally, the fact that young populations include significant numbers of high-order multiples suggests that cores must, at least occasionally, spawn many more than two protostars (e.g. Kraus et al. 2011).”
BackgroundThe impact of the initial core temperature on protostellar disc fragmentation
Sigalotti, L. D. G., Cruz, F., Hareter, M., Gabbasov, R., Klapp, J., Fierro, C., Ramírez-Velásquez, J. M., & Zsargó, J. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3694 · Cited by 2
Survey of Orion Disks with ALMA (SODA)
Ricciardi, G., van Terwisga, S. E., Roccatagliata, V., Hacar, A., Henning, T. K., & Pozzo, W. D. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202452287 · Cited by 2
Variables in the Southern Polar Region Evryscope 2016 Data Set
Ratzloff, J. K., Corbett, H. T., Law, N. M., Barlow, B. N., Glazier, A., Howard, W. S., Fors Aldrich, O., Ser Badia, D. D., & Trifonov, T. (2019) · Dipòsit Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona (Universitat de Barcelona) · Cited by 2
Low-resolution near-infrared spectroscopic signatures of unresolved ultracool companions to M dwarfs
Cook, N. J., Pinfield, D. J., Marocco, F., Burningham, B., Jones, H. R. A., Frith, J., Zhong, J., Luo, A.-L., Qi, Z., Cowan, N. B., et al. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx303 · Cited by 2
“…desert population has begun to emerge from studies employing radial velocity and astrometry (e.g. Wilson et al. 2016), high resolution imaging (e.g. Kraus et al. 2011; Dieterich et al. 2012; Hinkley et al. 2015; Mawet et al. 2015), microlensing (e.g. Han et al. 2016) and transit detection…”
BackgroundDirect imaging and spectroscopy of exoplanetary systems with the JWST early release science program
Hinkley, S., Carter, A. L., Ray, S., Biller, B. A., Skemer, A. J. I., Choquet, É., Millar‐Blanchaer, M. A., Sallum, S., Miles, B., Whiteford, N., et al. (2022) · Space Telescopes and Instrumentation: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave · doi:10.1117/12.2629919 · Cited by 2
“For the nearest star forming regions (e.g., the Taurus Association, ∼ 2 Myr) where the planet formation process is still likely ongoing 101 or has recently ceased (e.g., the Scorpius-Centaurus Association, 71 ∼ 11-16 Myr), with characteristic distances of ∼ 140 pc, this angular resolution…”
From cores to stars: searching for a universal rule for star formation
Houghton, R. J., & Goodwin, S. P. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae1364 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Kraus, A. L., Ireland, M. J., Martinache, F., & Hillenbrand, L. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (US)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (JP)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2011-03-17
- Volume
- 731
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 8
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W1996452021
- Semantic Scholar
- d9092295d91fdf71df1f34481bdbff65a7fb02f1
- Cited by
- 325
- References
- 133
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 16.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (NAS 5-26555)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NAS 526555, 526555)
- California Institute of Technology
- Space Telescope Science Institute (NAS5- 26555, 5-26555, 26555)
- U.S. Naval Observatory (NAS 5-26555)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Keywords
- brown dwarf desert, multiple star formation, Taurus-Auriga star-forming region, binary companion, binary separation distribution, disk fragmentation, substellar companions
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