Three-dimensional ultrasound imaging

Fenster, Aaron; Downey, Dónal B; Cardinal, H Neale

doi:10.1088/0031-9155/46/5/201

Cited by 812Ultrasound in Clinical ApplicationsUltrasound Imaging and ElastographyMedical Image Segmentation Techniques

Three-dimensional ultrasound imaging

Fenster, Aaron, Downey, Dónal B, Cardinal, H Neale·2001·Physics in Medicine and Biology

DOI 10.1088/0031-9155/46/5/201

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Abstract

Ultrasound is an inexpensive and widely used imaging modality for the diagnosis and staging of a number of diseases. In the past two decades, it has benefited from major advances in technology and has become an indispensable imaging modality, due to its flexibility and non-invasive character. In the last decade, research investigators and commercial companies have further advanced ultrasound imaging with the development of 3D ultrasound. This new imaging approach is rapidly achieving widespread use with numerous applications. The major reason for the increase in the use of 3D ultrasound is related to the limitations of 2D viewing of 3D anatomy, using conventional ultrasound. This occurs because: (a) Conventional ultrasound images are 2D, yet the anatomy is 3D, hence the diagnostician must integrate multiple images in his mind. This practice is inefficient, and may lead to variability and incorrect diagnoses. (b) The 2D ultrasound image represents a thin plane at some arbitrary angle in the body. It is difficult to localize the image plane and reproduce it at a later time for follow-up studies. In this review article we describe how 3D ultrasound imaging overcomes these limitations. Specifically, we describe the developments of a number of 3D ultrasound imaging systems using mechanical, free-hand and 2D array scanning techniques. Reconstruction and viewing methods of the 3D images are described with specific examples. Since 3D ultrasound is used to quantify the volume of organs and pathology, the sources of errors in the reconstruction techniques as well as formulae relating design specification to geometric errors are provided. Finally, methods to measure organ volume from the 3D ultrasound images and sources of errors are described.

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A 2D US image presents a thin plane at arbitrary angles in the body, and these planes are difficult to localize and reproduce later for follow-up studies.
“A 2D US image presents a thin plane at various arbitrary angles in the body.These planes are difficult to localize and reproduce later for follow-up studies [51].”
From Deep Learning in Medical Ultrasound Analysis: A Review (2019) · cites this paper as [51]

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Authors: Fenster, A., Downey, D. B., & Cardinal, H. N.
Affiliations: Robarts Research Institute (CA)
Western University (CA)
ORCID: Fenster, Aaron
Venue: Physics in Medicine and Biology
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Published: 2001-04-04
Volume: 46
Issue: 5
Pages: R67-R99
ISSN: 0031-9155 (ISSN-L)
1361-6560
DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/46/5/201
OpenAlex: W2148234126
Cited by: 812
References: 141
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 33
FWCI: 5.32
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Physics in Medicine and Biology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Ultrasound in Clinical Applications
Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Ultrasound Imaging and Elastography
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Medical Image Segmentation Techniques
Keywords: three-dimensional ultrasound imaging, 3D ultrasound reconstruction, mechanical scanning, organ volume measurement, reconstruction error, geometric error, volumetric quantification
MeSH terms: Animals, Humans, Neoplasms, Ultrasonography, Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional, Imaging, Three-Dimensional

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