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Signatures of quark-gluon plasma formation in high energy heavy-ion collisions: a critical review
Open accessAbstract
A critical review on signatures of quark-gluon plasma (QGP) formation is given and the current (1998) experimental status is discussed. After giving an introduction to the properties of QCD matter in both, equilibrium and non-equilibrium theories, we focus on observables which may yield experimental evidence for QGP formation. For each individual observable the discussion is divided into three sections: first the connection between the respective observable and QGP formation in terms of the underlying theoretical concepts is given, then the relevant experimental results are reviewed and finally the current status concerning the interpretation of both, theory and experiment, is discussed. A comprehensive summary including an outlook towards RHIC is given in the final section.
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“Also strangeness production through hadronic rescattering or final state interactions was estimated to be negligibly small [133].”
From Phase Transitions in the Early and Present Universe (2006) · cites this paper as [133]
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“Strangeness enhancement along with chemical equilibration are some of the earliest proposals for clear signatures of the formation of a QGP [133].”
From Phase Transitions in the Early and Present Universe (2006) · cites this paper as [133]
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“The main idea is based on the estimate that the strangeness equilibration time in a hot QGP is of the same order as the expected lifetime of the QGP ( ∼ 10 fm/c ) produced in nucleus-nucleus collisions.”
From Phase Transitions in the Early and Present Universe (2006) · cites this paper as [133]
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“…unfamiliar for plasma physics, they have been used extensively in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) to model the strong interaction, which binds the nucleus (Wilson, 1974) and mediate interactions in quark-gluon plasmas formed during heavy-ion collisions and the Big Bang (Bass et al., 1999; Satz, 2000).”
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“…important in recent years, driving the field into a new era of precision physics [81–85]. emitted anisotropically in the transverse plane, quanti-fied using Fourier series of flow amplitudes v n and symmetry planes ψ n [87], Collective flow provides insight into the QGP medium [30, 88, 89].”
Li, D., Si, F., Zhao, Y., Zhou, P., Zhang, Y., Li, X., & Yang, C. G. (2022) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2022.137249 · Cited by 4
Third order viscous hydrodynamics from the entropy four current
Younus, M., & Muronga, A. (2020) · Physical Review C · doi:10.1103/physrevc.102.034902 · Cited by 4
Cui, P., Yin, Z., & Zheng, L. (2022) · The European Physical Journal A · doi:10.1140/epja/s10050-022-00709-7 · Cited by 4
Jing, J., Jiang, Z.-F., Yang, C. B., & Zhang, B.-W. (2022) · Chinese Physics C · doi:10.1088/1674-1137/acac6a · Cited by 4
Jiang, Z.-F., Wu, X.-Y., Yu, H., Cao, S., & Zhang, B.-W. (2023) · Acta Physica Sinica · doi:10.7498/aps.72.20222391 · Cited by 4
Westfall, G. D. (2004) · Acta Physica Hungarica A) Heavy Ion Physics · doi:10.1556/aph.21.2004.2-4.23 · Cited by 4
Anti-$\Omega$ dominance in pp interactions at intermediate energies
Bleicher, M., & Bass, S. A. (2002) · Journal of Physics G Nuclear and Particle Physics · doi:10.1088/0954-3899/28/7/354 · Cited by 4
Self-citationJ/psi normal and anomalous suppressions in a hadron and string cascade model
Sa, B.-H., Faessler, A., An, T., Waindzoch, T., Fuchs, C., Wang, Z. S., & Hui, W. (1999) · Journal of Physics G Nuclear and Particle Physics · doi:10.1088/0954-3899/25/6/302 · Cited by 4
Elliptic flow and constituent quark scaling from hadron-string transport models
Zhu, X., Petersen, H., & Bleicher, M. (2006) · Journal of Physics G Nuclear and Particle Physics · doi:10.1088/0954-3899/32/12/s45 · Cited by 4
Quark Coalescence and Hadronic EquilibriumPreprint
Bíró, T. S. (2000) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.hep-ph/0005067 · Cited by 4
Indications for Freeze-Out of Charge Fluctuations in the Quark-Gluon Plasma at the LHC
Parra, J., Poberezhnyuk, R. V., Koch, V., Ratti, C., & Vovchenko, V. (2025) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/sw74-7hnb · Cited by 8
Steinheimer, J., Reichert, T., & Bleicher, M. (2026) · The European Physical Journal Special Topics · doi:10.1140/epjs/s11734-026-02125-0 · Cited by 3
Perspectives in small systems: Heavy quarks and HBT radii
Das, D. (2020) · Nuclear Physics A · doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2020.122132 · Cited by 3
Prasad, S., Radhakrishnan, A. M. K., Sahoo, R., & Mallick, N. (2025) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2025.139753 · Cited by 3
$$J/\psi $$ production with machine learning at the LHC
Yalçın, Ş. (2022) · The European Physical Journal Plus · doi:10.1140/epjp/s13360-022-02615-9 · Cited by 3
Charm and strangeness in nuclear reactions ats1/2⩽19 GeV
Kabana, S. (2001) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/3/1/316 · Cited by 3
Kuhn, C. C. (2007) · Nuclear Physics A · doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2006.12.010 · Cited by 3
Femtoscopic search for the phase transition
Lednicky, R. (2010) · Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements · doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2009.12.009 · Cited by 3
Bleicher, M., & Aichelin, J. (2005) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2005.02.035 · Cited by 3
Recent results on strangeness production from NA49
Mitrovski, M. (2010) · Journal of Physics G Nuclear and Particle Physics · doi:10.1088/0954-3899/37/9/094003 · Cited by 3
Stability of gluonic systems with multiple soft interactions
Thakur, R. K., Tiwari, B. N., & Nigam, R. (2019) · Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy · doi:10.1007/s12036-019-9597-y · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Bass, S. A., Gyulassy, M., Stöcker, H., & Greiner, W.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 1999-01-01
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- R1-R57
- ISSN
- 0954-3899 (ISSN-L)
- 1361-6471
- OpenAlex
- W2003831609
- Cited by
- 269
- References
- 442
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 14.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Journal of Physics G Nuclear and Particle Physics (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion)
- Publication Server of Goethe University Frankfurt am Main (Goethe University Frankfurt) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › High-Energy Particle Collisions Research
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Quantum Chromodynamics and Particle Interactions
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies
- Keywords
- quark-gluon plasma, heavy-ion collisions, QCD matter, RHIC, experimental observables
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