Mars in situ oxygen and propellant production by non-equilibrium plasmas
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Abstract
It has been recently advocated that Mars has excellent conditions for oxygen and fuel production directly from atmospheric CO 2 using non-equilibrium plasmas. The Martian conditions would be favorable for vibrational excitation and/or enhanced dissociation by electron impact, two important pathways for CO 2 plasma dissociation. Herein we confirm these theoretical predictions by measuring, for the first time, the vibrational temperatures of CO 2 and the CO and CO 2 concentrations in realistic Martian conditions. In situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy measurements are performed in experiments conducted in DC glow discharges operating at pressures p = 1–5 Torr, discharge currents I = 10–50 mA, initial gas temperatures of 220 K and 300 K, both in pure CO 2 and in the synthetic Martian atmosphere 96% CO 2 –2% Ar–2% N 2 . To analyze and interpret the experimental results, we develop a detailed self-consistent kinetic model for pure CO 2 plasmas, describing the coupled electron and heavy-particle kinetics. The simulation results are in very good agreement with the experimental data. It is shown that the low-temperature conditions may enhance the degree of vibrational non-equilibrium and that the Martian atmospheric composition has a positive effect on CO 2 decomposition. Accordingly, the present investigation confirms the potential of plasma technologies for in situ resource utilization on Mars.
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Plasma conversion boasts low power consumption and adaptability to Martian temperature and pressure conditions, and is experiencing rapid development.
“As a result, plasma conversion, which boasts low power consumption and adaptability to Martian temperature and pressure conditions, is experiencing rapid development. 130-134”
From Energy system and resource utilization in space: A state-of-the-art review (2024) · cites this paper as [132]
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Self-citationKinetic modeling of nanosecond repetitively pulsed discharges in CO 2 : insights for reactor design
McKinney, L. G., Silva, T., Guerra, V., & Guerra-Garcia, C. (2025) · Journal of Physics D Applied Physics · doi:10.1088/1361-6463/ae233c · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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Plasma Conversion of CO2 in DC Glow Discharge with Distributed Gas Injection and Pumping
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Self-citationVasilev, V., Lazarov, N., Lazarova, S., Paunska, T., & Kolev, S. (2025) · Plasma · doi:10.3390/plasma8040050 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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The Generation of O2 and CO by CO2 Glow Discharge for In-Situ Martian Atmospheric Utilization
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Ice degradation and Boulder size frequency distribution analysis of the fresh Martian crater S1094b
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Glow Discharge With Hollow Electrodes for High‐Efficiency CO 2 Decomposition
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Ultra-rapid direct dissociation of CO₂ with dense pulsed plasma jets for Martian oxygen production
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Self-citationLiu, Y., Zhao, X., Zhu, Y., Ma, C., Li, D., Du, Y., & He, J. (2026) · Energy Conversion and Management · doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121275 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Low-pressure CO2 discharges: 1D modeling
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Shock wave structure in binary mixtures of CO2 with noble gases
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Harnessing high-density pulsed plasma for sustained oxygen supply on Mars
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Effect of plasma excitation on aerodynamic characteristics of airfoil under Martian conditions
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Investigation of Filamentary and Diffuse DBD in CO2 by Means of InSitu FTIR Absorption Spectroscopy
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Self-citationPlasma-driven in-situ CO 2 conversion to O 2 via glow discharge under simulated Martian conditions
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Scalable CO₂ dissociation via supersonic MPD plasma jets
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Lift augmentation of Martian UAV airfoils via plasma-based flow control
Lin, Z., Yang, X., Gao, Y., Wang, Z., Bai, X., & 姚程 (2026) · Aerospace Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.ast.2026.114108
- Authors
- Ogloblina, P., Morillo-Candas, A. S., Silva, A. F., Silva, T., Tejero-del-Caz, A., Alves, L. L., Guaitella, O., & Guerra, V
- Affiliations
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (NL)
- University of Lisbon (PT)
- Universidad de Córdoba (CO)
- Corresponding author
- Guerra, V
- ORCID
- Venue
- Plasma Sources Science and Technology
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2021-06-01
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 065005
- ISSN
- 0963-0252 (ISSN-L)
- 1361-6595
- OpenAlex
- W3134682878
- Cited by
- 58
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 5
- FWCI
- 4.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Plasma Sources Science and Technology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DIFFER: Publications (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Universidad de Córdoba Insitutional Repository (Universidad de Córdoba) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (PD/BD/114398/2016 (PD-F APPLAuSE))
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Plasma Applications and Diagnostics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Plasma Diagnostics and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Planetary Science and Exploration
- Keywords
- non-thermal plasma, vibrational excitation, vibrational temperature, electron impact dissociation, DC glow discharge, CO2 decomposition, kinetic modeling, Mars atmosphere, oxygen production, propellant production
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