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Cited by 4Spacecraft and Cryogenic TechnologiesHeat transfer and supercritical fluidsPhase Change Materials Research

Simulation test platform for the controlled storage and transfer of liquid hydrogen

Open access
Fesmire, J, Guerrero, M, Williams, M, Glenn, M, Coleman, B·2024·IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
DOI 10.1088/1757-899x/1301/1/012052
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Abstract

Clean-energy propulsion machines, including trucks, tractors, ships, and aircraft, for heavy-duty and long-range mobility have moved, by necessity, to onboard liquid hydrogen (LH 2). However, the established method of storage and transfer is problematic due to losses and for any duty-cycle of a sporadic or on/off nature. Integral servicing system methodology is needed for both safety and cost effectiveness in the key drivers of time savings, product savings, and venting exposures. Modern controlled storage technology enables quick and effective vehicle servicing at the point of use. Simulations of controlled storage/transfer (CS/T) methodologies are performed using a multi-purpose LH 2 simulation test platform comprised of two primary systems: Cryostat CS900 tank and transfer system and the LS20 liquefaction/refrigeration and storage system. Testing includes both steady-state and transient modes of operation to demonstrate both zero boiloff (ZBO) and zero-loss transfer (ZLT) modes. Technical areas of use include product development for tanks, refrigeration, transfer systems (lines, dispensers, pumps, valves); experimental validation of analytical models and thermofluidic properties; thermal insulation performance test data under relevant conditions; thermophysical characterization of materials and structures; instrumentation and sensors development; tank boiloff and heat flux engineering design data. Descriptions and preliminary test results are given along with thermal performance analyses from real-world testing and experimentation.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

The paper describes a new simulation test platform, Cryostat CS900 plus the LS20 liquefaction/refrigerated storage system, for controlled storage and transfer of liquid hydrogen (LH2). It reports the design and preliminary LN2 baseline testing, with LH2 commissioning and data collection planned for Q4/2023.

Key findings

  • The CS900 is a vertical cylindrical boiloff calorimeter with a hydraulic lift and vacuum chamber (OAH 2,083 mm, OD 610 mm), designed for insulation testing, liquid transfer simulations, and storage tank demonstrations.
  • Baseline LN2 boiloff testing of a three-layer micro-fiberglass blanket at ~20 kg/m³ and 61-mm total thickness gave effective thermal conductivity \(k_e\) = 1.38 mW/m-K and heat flux \(q\) = 4.88 W/m² at CVP ~3 mb, CBT 78 K, and WBT 294 K.
  • The platform is intended to support zero boiloff (ZBO) and zero-loss transfer (ZLT) modes, steady-state and transient operation, and LH2 data at 20 K, where only limited data currently exist.
  • The CS900/LS20 combination is positioned for product development, model validation, thermophysical characterization, instrumentation testing, and LH2 storage/transfer demonstrations.

Methods

  • Design/build of the CS900-1 (LN2) and CS900-2 (LH2) cryostat systems, with three cold-mass options: absolute CS900a, comparative CS900c, or a vehicle/storage test tank up to ~100 L.
  • Boiloff calorimetry following ASTM C1774, using steady-state heat flow to calculate effective thermal conductivity (\(k_e\)) and heat flux (\(q\)); LN2 supplied from a standard tank and LH2 intended from the LS20 refrigerated storage system.
  • Baseline LN2 test of a three-layer micro-fiberglass blanket after >2 weeks vacuum pumping and ~353 K bakeout, with residual nitrogen, CVP ~3 mb, CBT 78 K, and WBT 294 K.

Limitations

  • Stated: the paper reports preliminary test results; CS900-1 construction is complete and preliminary LN2 testing has been performed, while CS900-2 (LH2) and LS20 were due for completion in Q4/2023.
  • Stated: only limited LH2 performance and transfer data at 20 K are available, motivating the new platform.
  • Evident: no LH2 test results are reported, only LN2 baseline data; no uncertainty or error analysis is provided for the reported \(k_e\) and \(q\) values.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1088/1757-899x/1301/1/012052

Cites

9 of 9 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

5 of 10 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation
    § 2. Background and motivation · p. 3

    Only very limited liquid hydrogen performance and transfer data at 20 K is available.

    “However, even with thousands of analyses in LN2, when addressing LH2 performance and transfer data at 20 K, only very limited data is available.”
    • Also stated in: § 6. Example test results and applications · p. 7 · plain
      “As mentioned, limited data for the LH2 environment has been collected in comparative studies of perlite powder and glass bubbles in a study using spherical cryostats (see figure 6) [9, 11].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [9] Demko, 2022 source
    • cites [11] Sass, 2010, Glass bubbles insulation for liquid hydrogen storage tanks, Adv in Cryo Eng, AIP Conf Proc source

      The Introduction (page not provided) describes a gap between small-scale liquid-hydrogen insulation tests and the much larger tanks planned for future use. That supports a narrower shortage of large-scale performance data, but the paper does not establish that liquid-hydrogen performance and transfer data at 20 K are generally very limited. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Findingown data
    § 6. Example test results and applications · p. 7

    Baseline liquid nitrogen boiloff testing of a three-layer stack-up of micro-fiberglass blanket at an installed density of approximately 20 kg/m3 and total thickness of 61 mm has been completed.

    “Baseline LN2 boiloff testing of a three-layer stack-up of micro-fiberglass (Cryo-Lite ® ) blanket at an installed density of approximately 20 kg/m 3 and total thickness of 61-mm has been completed.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Study design and conductcitation
    § 5. Design basis and testing methodology · p. 6

    The principle of heat rate measurement for the CS900 is based on boiloff calorimetry, following the guidelines of ASTM C1774.

    “The principle of heat rate measurement for the CS900 is based on boiloff calorimetry, following the guidelines of ASTM C1774.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites ASTM C1774

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Interpretationreasoning
    § 6. Example test results and applications · p. 7

    The CS900 data can be used to extend the existing thousands of thermal performance data sets for cryogenic thermal insulation materials/systems.

    “As the CS100 data provided a foundation for the world's first cryogenic insulation standards, ASTM C1774 Standard Guide for Thermal Performance Testing of Cryogenic Insulation Systems and ASTM C740 Standard Guide for Evacuated Reflective Insulation In Cryogenic Service , the CS900 data can be used to extend the existing thousands of thermal performance data sets for cryogenic thermal”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 12
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 23

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 2. Background and motivation · p. 3

    The extensive cryostat database was used for recommendations in insulation choices for NASA's new large-scale storage tank at Kennedy Space Center and is serving as materials reference data for a DOE/Shell project and a previous DOE project for automotive hydrogen storage tanks.

    “This extensive database was used for recommendations in insulation choices made by NASA in the new large-scale storage tank at NASA Kennedy Space Center [6] and is currently serving as the materials reference data for a Department of Energy (DOE)/Shell International funded project [7] as well as a previous DOE project for automotive hydrogen storage tanks [8].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim3 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [6] Fesmire, 2022, Energy efficient large-scale Storage of liquid hydrogen, Advances in Cryogenic Eng., IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. source

      Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [7] Ratnakar, 2023, Effective thermal conductivity of insulation materials for cryogenic LH2 storage tanks: A review, Intl. J. Hydrogen Energy source

      Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 2 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [8] Adams, 2018 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 2. Background and motivation · p. 3

    The successful development and standardization of multiple cryostat instruments and methodologies has led to libraries of data including thousands of analyses and heat flow measurements under actual-use conditions for materials and systems using liquid nitrogen.

    “The successful development and standardization (ASTM C1774 Standard Guide for Thermal Performance Testing of Cryogenic Insulation Systems , and ASTM C740 Standard Guide for Evacuated Reflective Insulation In Cryogenic Service ) of multiple cryostat instruments and methodologies for testing of thermal insulation systems using either a cylindrical configuration of the CS100 [1], see figure 1 or flat”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [3] Fesmire, 2015, Standardization in cryogenic insulation systems testing and performance data, Physics Procedia source

      Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [4] Fesmire, 2021, Thermal insulation systems for liquid hydrogen storage, Cold Facts, Cryogenic Society of America

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given
    § 3. The liquid transfer problem · p. 4

    If liquid hydrogen at 1 bara is pressurized to 8 bara, there is at the start of the process a 141 kJ/kg enthalpy margin to work with.

    “For example, if LH2 at 1 bara is pressurized to 8 bara, there is, at the start of the process, a 141 kJ/kg enthalpy margin to work with.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 6. Example test results and applications · p. 7

    For a cold vacuum pressure of approximately 3 mb, residual gas of nitrogen, cold boundary temperature of 78 K, and warm boundary temperature of 294 K, the effective thermal conductivity is 1.38 mW/m-K and the heat flux is 4.88 W/m2.

    “For a Cold Vacuum Pressure (CVP) of approximately 3 mb, residual gas of nitrogen, CBT of 78 K, and WBT of 294 K, the results are reported as follows: effective thermal conductivity ( ke ) of 1.38 mW/m-K and heat flux ( q ) of 4.88 W/m 2 .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given
    § 8. Conclusion and next steps · p. 8

    Based on boiloff calorimetry, a new one-of-a-kind cylindrical cryostat with lift mechanism, Cryostat CS900, combined with a hydrogen liquefaction and refrigerated storage product, LS20, have been designed and built by GenH2.

    “Based on boiloff calorimetry, a new one-of-a-kind cylindrical cryostat with lift mechanism, Cryostat CS900, combined with a hydrogen liquefaction and refrigerated storage product, LS20, have been designed and built by GenH2 (operational by Q4/2023).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given
    § 4. Overall system design and buildout · p. 5

    Any vehicle test tank of capacity up to approximately 100 liters with an overall height up to 1,200 mm and an outer diameter up to 500 mm can be tested in the CS900.

    “Alternatively, any vehicle test tank of capacity up to approximately 100 liters with an OAH up to 1,200 mm (47.2 in) and an OD up to 500 mm (19.7 in) can be tested.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given
    § 3. The liquid transfer problem · p. 4

    Providing saturated liquid to the tank or cryostat is accomplished only by some means of refrigeration of the liquid.

    “Providing saturated liquid to the tank or cryostat is accomplished only by some means of refrigeration of the liquid.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given
    § 7. Test platform capabilities · p. 8

    Construction of the CS900-1 (LN2) system has been completed, and preliminary testing has been performed with liquid nitrogen.

    “The current project status is such that construction of the CS900-1 (LN2) system has been completed, and preliminary testing has been performed with LN2.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given
    § 3. The liquid transfer problem · p. 4

    Solving the liquid hydrogen supply problem can be achieved by the LS20 liquefaction and refrigerated storage system.

    “Solving the LH2 supply problem can be achieved by the LS20 liquefaction and refrigerated storage system, a new innovative product of GenH2.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: In the USA, there is no practical supply chain for a lab-scale, 400-liter supply of liquid hydrogen.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning
    § 3. The liquid transfer problem · p. 4

    The old method of transfer only works for one period of time and requires venting the storage tank back to 1 bara to start over.

    “This margin is quickly diminishing, and the operation only works for one period of time. To start again, the storage tank must be vented back to 1 bara to start over.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given
    § 5. Design basis and testing methodology · p. 6

    The core components of CS900-1 (LN2) and CS900-2 (LH2) are identical, but CS900-2 adds necessary functions and features to accommodate liquid hydrogen.

    “The core components of both the CS900-1 (LN2) and CS900-2 (LH2) are identical (as referenced in previous figure 5), but the latter adds all the necessary functions and features to accommodate liquid hydrogen.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationown data
    § 6. Example test results and applications · p. 7

    Starting with new baseline data produced by the CS900, prior liquid hydrogen data points can be validated or updated and extended for predictive designs of modern storage/transfer solutions.

    “Starting with the new baseline data produced by the CS900, we can then validate or update the prior data points and extend this information for predictive designs of modern storage/transfer solutions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 2. Background and motivation · p. 3

    The boiloff calorimetry principle used for determining effective thermal conductivity and heat flux has led to understanding of thermal performance of traditional insulation materials under a range of pressures.

    “The boiloff calorimetry principle used for determining the effective thermal conductivity ( ke ) and heat flux ( q ) of a test specimen at a fixed environmental condition (boundary temperatures, cold vacuum pressure, and residual gas composition) has led to understanding of the thermal performance of traditional insulation materials such as foams, perlite powder, fiberglass, advanced systems like”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [5] Fesmire, 2015, Layered composite thermal insulation system for non-vacuum cryogenic applications, Cryogenics source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given
    § 5. Design basis and testing methodology · p. 6

    The design range for boundary temperature conditions is from 4 K to 400 K.

    “The design range for the boundary temperature conditions is from 4 K to 400 K.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § J Fesmire, M Guerrero, M Williams, M Glenn, and B Coleman · p. 2

    The established method of storage and transfer of liquid hydrogen is problematic due to losses and cannot address sporadic or on/off duty-cycles.

    “However, the established method of storage and transfer is problematic due to losses and for any duty-cycle of a sporadic or on/off nature.”
    • Also stated in: § 3. The liquid transfer problem · p. 4 · plain
      “However, this old method is problematic due to losses and will not be able to address the newer requirements for sporadic (on/off) duty-cycles [10].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [10] Fesmire, 2023, LH2 for transportation – tank boiloff vs. transfer losses, Cold Facts

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 8. Conclusion and next steps · p. 9

    Integral liquefaction and storage/transfer system for loading tanks provides the capability for validating prior liquid hydrogen limited data points and evaluation of behaviors of materials/systems at liquid hydrogen temperatures, providing new data for extrapolations and predictive analyses using models.

    “Integral liquefaction and storage/transfer system for loading tanks provides the capability for validating prior LH2 limited data points and evaluation of behaviors of materials/systems at LH2 temperatures, providing new data for extrapolations and predictive analyses using models.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data
    § 4. Overall system design and buildout · p. 5

    The CS900 is a vertical cylindrical boiloff calorimeter that includes a custom environment/vacuum chamber and lid assembly.

    “The CS900 is a vertical cylindrical boiloff calorimeter that includes a custom environment/vacuum chamber and lid assembly (see figure 4).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationown data
    § 5. Design basis and testing methodology · p. 6

    The CS900 test environments include the full range of vacuum/pressures from approximately 10^-6 to 10^+3 mb according to four designated regions.

    “Test environments include the full range of vacuum/pressures from approximately 10 -6 to 10 +3 mb according to four designated regions: No Vacuum (NV) [~760 torr (1,013 mb)], Soft Vacuum (SV) [~1-10 torr (1.33-13.3 mb)], Moderate Vacuum (MV) [~0.001-0.100 torr (0.00133-0.133 mb], and High Vacuum (HV) [<10x -4 torr (<1.3x10 -4 mb)].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given
    § 5. Design basis and testing methodology · p. 6

    Evaporation (boiloff) calorimetry provides a direct measure of the heat transmission.

    “Evaporation (or 'boiloff') calorimetry provides a direct measure of the heat transmission.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisenone given
    § 5. Design basis and testing methodology · p. 6

    The steady-state heat flow rate is the basis for calculating effective thermal conductivity and heat flux.

    “The steady-state heat flow rate ( Q ) is the basis for calculating the thermal properties, including effective thermal conductivity (ke ) (or system thermal conductivity ks ) and heat flux ( q ).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § J Fesmire, M Guerrero, M Williams, M Glenn, and B Coleman · p. 2

    Modern controlled storage/transfer provided by active refrigeration will enable quick and effective vehicle servicing at the point of use.

    “Modern controlled storage technology enables quick and effective vehicle servicing at the point of use.”
    • Also stated in: § 3. The liquid transfer problem · p. 4 · plain
      “Modern controlled storage/transfer, provided by active refrigeration, will enable quick and effective vehicle servicing at the point of use.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 8. Conclusion and next steps · p. 9

    The system supports the manufacture of liquid hydrogen systems including tank boiloff and heat flux engineering design data for product development in ground storage tanks and on-board vehicle tanks, refrigeration and liquefaction systems, applications of controlled storage, sensors validation, and demonstration of transfer systems.

    “The system supports the manufacture of LH2 systems including tank boiloff and heat flux engineering design data for product development in both ground storage tanks and on-board vehicle tanks, refrigeration and liquefaction systems, applications of controlled storage, sensors validation, and demonstration of transfer systems that include lines, dispensers, pumps, valves, and i”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationown data
    § 6. Example test results and applications · p. 7

    With key data from both CS900-1 (LN2 validation) and CS900-2 (new LH2 data), the cryostat insulation libraries can be updated for the 20 K liquid hydrogen cold boundary data sets.

    “With key data from both CS900-1 (LN2 validation) and CS900-2 (new LH2 data), the cryostat insulation libraries can be updated for the 20 K (LH2) cold boundary data sets.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 8. Conclusion and next steps · p. 9

    The Cryostat CS900 plus the inclusion of a modular liquefaction system (LS20) in the design is central for advancement in demonstrating zero-loss storage/transfer and dispensing.

    “The Cryostat CS900 plus the inclusion of a modular liquefaction system (LS20) in the design, is central for advancement in demonstrating of zero-loss storage/transfer and dispensing.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given
    § 5. Design basis and testing methodology · p. 6

    The targeted heat load range is from approximately 0.200 to 200 W or a heat flux of 0.2 to 400 W/m2.

    “The targeted heat load range is from approximately 0.200 to 200 W or a heat flux of 0.2 to 400 W/m 2 .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 6. Example test results and applications · p. 7

    These reference data sets will enable predictive analysis and calculations for many liquid hydrogen industry applications under development for transportation and energy sectors.

    “These reference data sets will then enable predictive analysis and calculations for the many LH2 industry applications under development for transportation and energy sectors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 8. Conclusion and next steps · p. 9

    The test platform approach addresses technology gaps/barriers and provides solutions for simulating real-world controlled storage/transfer of liquid hydrogen in a practical and affordable way.

    “The test platform approach addresses technology gaps/barriers and provides solutions for simulating real-world controlled storage/transfer of LH2 in a practical and affordable way.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 1. Introduction · p. 2

    The CS900 simulation test platform is central to liquid hydrogen capabilities in thermal performance testing and simulation for controlled storage/transfer methodologies.

    “Building upon these technologies, many of them licensed to GenH2, the next generation CS900 simulation test platform is now central to liquid hydrogen (LH2) capabilities in thermal performance testing and simulation for controlled storage/transfer methodologies.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given
    § 8. Conclusion and next steps · p. 8

    The thermal insulation systems performance data to be collected are crucial in the design of future liquid hydrogen mega-scale storage tanks.

    “The thermal insulation systems performance data to be collected are crucial in the design of future LH2 mega-scale storage tanks.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Mega-scale liquid hydrogen storage tanks are expected to be 100,000 m3 and larger.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given
    § 7. Test platform capabilities · p. 8

    The CS900 in conjunction with the LS20 provide a wide range of capabilities.

    “The CS900 in conjunction with the LS20 provide a wide range of capabilities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
30 of 30

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Heavy-duty and long-range mobility has moved, by necessity, to onboard liquid hydrogen.

    “Clean-energy propulsion machines, including trucks, tractors, ships, and aircraft, for heavy-duty and long-range mobility have moved, by necessity, to onboard liquid hydrogen (LH2).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In the USA, there is no practical supply chain for a lab-scale, 400-liter supply of liquid hydrogen.

    “In the USA, there is no practical supply chain for a lab-scale, 400-liter, supply of LH2.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    For use in boiloff calorimetry, the liquid must be verified to be greater than 99% para composition.

    “For use in boiloff calorimetry, the liquid must also be verified to be greater than 99% para composition.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The old method of transfer is still the customary method of today.

    “This old method of transfer is still the customary method of today.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Mega-scale liquid hydrogen storage tanks are expected to be 100,000 m3 and larger.

    “These mega-scale tanks are expected to be 100,000 m 3 (26-million gallons) and larger.”
5 of 5

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Conclusion says systems were built while construction is still pending

    Minor

    The conclusion says the CS900 and LS20 have been built, but the project-status section says completion of the CS900-2 build-out and LS20 construction is still due.

  • Millitorr-to-mbar conversion is 1,000 times too large

    Minor

    The paper's other pressure conversions give 1 torr as approximately 1.33 mb. Since 1 millitorr is 0.001 torr, it is approximately 0.00133 mb, not 1.33 mb.

    Reported 1.33 · recomputed 0.00133

2 of 2

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. Fesmire, 2015, Cylindrical boiloff calorimeters for testing of thermal insulations, Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, IOP Conference Series, 101
  2. Fesmire, 2021, Thermal insulation systems for liquid hydrogen storage, Cold Facts, Cryogenic Society of America, 37, 28
  3. Fesmire, 2023, LH2 for transportation – tank boiloff vs. transfer losses, Cold Facts, 39

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Fesmire, J., Guerrero, M., Williams, M., Glenn, M., & Coleman, B.
Venue
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
Publisher
IOP Publishing
Published
2024-05-01
Volume
1301
Issue
1
Pages
012052
ISSN
  • 1757-8981 (ISSN-L)
  • 1757-899X
DOI
10.1088/1757-899x/1301/1/012052
OpenAlex
W4400360566
Semantic Scholar
4be7542664c70db1047a1f93fcc6b9ed9dc57026
Cited by
4
References
7
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 3
FWCI
3.32
Type
conference paper
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Spacecraft and Cryogenic Technologies
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Computational Mechanics › Heat transfer and supercritical fluids
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Phase Change Materials Research
Keywords
liquid hydrogen, cryostat, hydrogen storage tanks, thermal insulation, heat flux, thermophysical properties, hydrogen dispensers, hydrogen vehicles, transient operation

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