The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Large scale production of densified hydrogen to the triple point and below
Open accessAbstract
Recent demonstration of advanced liquid hydrogen storage techniques using Integrated Refrigeration and Storage technology at NASA Kennedy Space Center led to the production of large quantities of densified liquid and slush hydrogen in a 125,000 L tank. Production of densified hydrogen was performed at three different liquid levels and LH2 temperatures were measured by twenty silicon diode temperature sensors. Overall densification performance of the system is explored, and solid mass fractions are calculated. Experimental data reveal hydrogen temperatures dropped well below the triple point during testing, and were continuing to trend downward prior to system shutdown. Sub-triple point temperatures were seen to evolve in a time dependent manner along the length of the horizontal, cylindrical vessel. The phenomenon, observed at two fill levels, is detailed herein. The implications of using IRAS for energy storage, propellant densification, and future cryofuel systems are discussed.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“For Figure 4b, sensor TT10, located at the 61% fill level [78], was closest to the vapor liquid interface (approximately 13 cm below); the measured temperature was lower tha”
From Modelling of Liquid Hydrogen Boil-Off (2022) · cites this paper as [78]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
No references could be resolved yet.
Research works printed but not linked: 16
- Friedlander M, 1991, NASA TM 104503
- Fazah M, 1994, NASA TM 108467
- 10.2514/6.2008-2500 · DOI
- Haberbusch M S, 2002, NASA/CR— 2002-210808
- Ewart R, 1977, Final Report NASA Lewis Research Center Contract Number NAS3-21014
- DeWitt R, 1989, NASA TM 102315
- Tomsik T M, 1997, NASA TM-107469, AIAA-97-2976
- McIntosh G E, 1998, Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, 43
- Tomsik T M, 2010, NASA/TM—2010-216247
- Lak T, 1996, AIAA-96-3123
- Notardonato W U, 2002, Proceedings of the 19th International Cryogenic Engineering Conference, 533
- Notardonato W U, 2004, Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, 49
- Notardonato W U, 2014, International Cryogenic Engineering Conference, July 7-11, The Netherlands
- 10.1115/PVP2015-45625 · DOI
- Fesmire J E, 2014, Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, AIP Conference. Proceedings, 1573, 1365, 10.1063/1.4860865 · DOI
- Barron R F ed Hewitt G F, 1999, Cryogenic Heat Transfer, 201
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Al Ghafri, S. Z., Munro, S., Cardella, U., Funke, T., Notardonato, W., Trusler, J. P. M., Leachman, J., Span, R., Kamiya, S., Pearce, G., et al. (2022) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/d2ee00099g · Cited by 561
Self-citationModelling of Liquid Hydrogen Boil-Off
Al Ghafri, S. Z. S., Swanger, A., Jusko, V., Siahvashi, A., Perez, F., Johns, M. L., & May, E. F. (2022) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en15031149 · Cited by 131
“hydrogen storage experiments conducted at NASA and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory [27,53,75,78].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationEnergy efficient large-scale storage of liquid hydrogen
Fesmire, J., Swanger, A., Jacobson, J., & Notardonato, W. (2022) · IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering · doi:10.1088/1757-899x/1240/1/012088 · Cited by 59
“A closed cold-helium process cycle is planned to reject the ambient heat load for zero boiloff (ZBO) operations and additional margin for LH2 densification to temperatures as low as 14 K [8,9].”
Self-citationFinal test results for the ground operations demonstration unit for liquid hydrogen
Notardonato, W. U., Swanger, A. M., Fesmire, J. E., Jumper, K. M., Johnson, W. L., & Tomsik, T. M. (2017) · Cryogenics · doi:10.1016/j.cryogenics.2017.10.008 · Cited by 28
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Swanger, A. M., Notardonato, W. U., Fesmire, J. E., Jumper, K. M., Johnson, W. L., & Tomsik, T. M.
- Affiliations
- Kennedy Space Center (US)
- Glenn Research Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Swanger, A M
- Venue
- IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2017-12
- Volume
- 278
- Pages
- 012013
- ISSN
- 1757-8981 (ISSN-L)
- 1757-899X
- OpenAlex
- W2726729378
- Cited by
- 22
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 1.44
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- NASA STI Repository (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Spacecraft and Cryogenic Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Hydrogen Storage and Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Computational Mechanics › Heat transfer and supercritical fluids
- Keywords
- slush hydrogen, liquid hydrogen storage, triple point, cryogenic energy storage
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
