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A 100 pc ELLIPTICAL AND TWISTED RING OF COLD AND DENSE MOLECULAR CLOUDS REVEALED BY HERSCHEL AROUND THE GALACTIC CENTER
Open accessAbstract
Thermal images of cold dust in the Central Molecular Zone of the Milky Way, obtained with the far-infrared cameras on board the Herschel satellite, reveal a ∼3 × 10 7 M ☉ ring of dense and cold clouds orbiting the Galactic center. Using a simple toy model, an elliptical shape having semi-major axes of 100 and 60 pc is deduced. The major axis of this 100 pc ring is inclined by about 40° with respect to the plane of the sky and is oriented perpendicular to the major axes of the Galactic Bar. The 100 pc ring appears to trace the system of stable x 2 orbits predicted for the barred Galactic potential. Sgr A ⋆ is displaced with respect to the geometrical center of symmetry of the ring. The ring is twisted and its morphology suggests a flattening ratio of 2 for the Galactic potential, which is in good agreement with the bulge flattening ratio derived from the 2MASS data.
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“The CMZ is a disk-like region of dense ( ≳ 10 3 cm -3 ) gas within + 1 . 7 ◦ ≲ l ≲ -1 ◦ ( R ≃ 200 pc, assuming a Galactocentric radii of 8 . 5 kpc), | b | ≲ 0 . 5 ◦ ( H ≃ 75 pc), and | v rot | ≲ 150 km s -1 (Panel a of Fig 8; Sofue 1995; Morris & Serabyn 1996; Molinari et al. 2011; Henshaw et al. 2016, 2022; Sormani et al. 2022).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Molinari et al. 2011
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“A detailed analysis of the far-IR dust emission suggests that the CMZ consists of a twisted elliptical ring of cold-dense gas with a semi-major axis, a = 100 pc, and a semi-minor axis, b = 60 pc, and is extended only to Sgr B2 in the east and Sgr C in the West (Molinari et al. 2011).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Molinari et al. 2011
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“The total molecular mass within the CMZ is M cmz ∼ 3 -5 × 10 7 M ⊙ (Dahmen et al. 1998; Pierce-Price et al. 2000; Molinari et al. 2011) which is about 5 -10% of the total molecular gas of the whole Galaxy ( ∼ 6 × 10 8 M ⊙ ; Roman-Duval et al. 2016).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Molinari et al. 2011
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“According to this model, Sgr A ∗ is significantly offset (toward the West) from the center of the ellipse and lies closer to the front side of the ring.”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Molinari et al. 2011
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Metadata
- Authors
- Molinari, S., Bally, J., Noriega-Crespo, A., Compiègne, M., Bernard, J. P., Paradis, D., Martin, P., Testi, L., Barlow, M., Moore, T., Plume, R., Swinyard, B., Zavagno, A., Calzoletti, L., Di Giorgio, A. M., Elia, D., Faustini, F., Natoli, P., Pestalozzi, M., Pezzuto, S., Piacentini, F., Polenta, G., Polychroni, D., Schisano, E., Traficante, A., Veneziani, M., Battersby, C., Burton, M., Carey, S., Fukui, Y., Li, J. Z., Lord, S. D., Morgan, L., Motte, F., Schuller, F., Stringfellow, G. S., Tan, J. C., Thompson, M. A., Ward-Thompson, D., White, G., & Umana, G.
- Affiliations
- National Institute for Astrophysics (IT)
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- European Southern Observatory (DE)
- University College London (GB)
- Liverpool John Moores University (GB)
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (GB)
- Aix-Marseille Université (FR)
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (IT)
- University of Ferrara (IT)
- Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
- University of Rome Tor Vergata (IT)
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- Nagoya University (JP)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- University of Florida (US)
- University of Hertfordshire (GB)
- Cardiff University (GB)
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania (IT)
- ORCID
- Molinari, S.
- Bally, J.
- Bernard, J. P.
- Paradis, D.
- Martin, P.
- Testi, L.
- Barlow, M.
- Plume, R.
- Zavagno, A.
- Elia, D.
- Faustini, F.
- Natoli, P.
- Pezzuto, S.
- Piacentini, F.
- Polenta, G.
- Polychroni, D.
- Schisano, E.
- Traficante, A.
- Battersby, C.
- Burton, M.
- Carey, S.
- Fukui, Y.
- Morgan, L.
- Motte, F.
- Stringfellow, G. S.
- Tan, J. C.
- Thompson, M. A.
- Ward-Thompson, D.
- White, G.
- Umana, G.
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2011-06-21
- Volume
- 735
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- L33
- ISSN
- 2041-8205 (ISSN-L)
- 2041-8213
- OpenAlex
- W2065733335
- Cited by
- 357
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 14.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal Letters (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- University of Hertfordshire Research Archive (University of Hertfordshire) (submittedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (submittedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System University of Ferrara (University of Ferrara) (submittedVersion)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
- Open Research Online (The Open University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (ST/G002533/1, ST/H002391/1, ST/G001847/1, ST/G002622/1, ST/G002827/1, PP/D000963/1, PP/E001149/1)
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (21253003)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Keywords
- Galactic Center, cold molecular clouds, dense molecular clouds, elliptical ring, Central Molecular Zone, Sgr A*, galactic bars
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