MAIN-SEQUENCE STARS MASQUERADING AS YOUNG STELLAR OBJECTS IN THE CENTRAL MOLECULAR ZONE
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In contrast to most other galaxies, star formation rates in the Milky Way can be estimated directly from young stellar objects (YSOs). In the central molecular zone the star formation rate calculated from the number of YSOs with 24 μm emission is up to an order of magnitude higher than the value estimated from methods based on diffuse emission (such as free–free emission). Whether this effect is real or whether it indicates problems with either or both star formation rate measures is not currently known. In this paper, we investigate whether estimates based on YSOs could be heavily contaminated by more evolved objects such as main-sequence stars. We present radiative transfer models of YSOs and of main-sequence stars in a constant ambient medium which show that the main-sequence objects can indeed mimic YSOs at 24 μm. However, we show that in some cases the main-sequence models can be marginally resolved at 24 μm, whereas the YSO models are always unresolved. Based on the fraction of resolved MIPS 24 μm sources in the sample of YSOs previously used to compute the star formation rate, we estimate the fraction of misclassified "YSOs" to be at least 63%, which suggests that the star formation rate previously determined from YSOs is likely to be at least a factor of three too high.
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This YSO-based SFR value was later updated to 0.05-0.08 M⊙/yr due to contamination by main sequence stars.
“This value was later updated to 0 . 05 -0 . 08 M ⊙ yr -1 due to contamination by main sequence stars (An et al. 2011; Immer et al. 2012; Koepferl et al. 2015; Nandakumar et al. 2018).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Koepferl et al. 2015
Section 3.5 and the Summary say that some sources counted as YSOs may instead be more evolved objects, including main-sequence stars, and that the YSO-based SFR is likely overestimated by at least a factor of three. The paper does not give an updated SFR of 0.05–0.08 M⊙/yr; its Introduction reports the earlier YSO-based value as 0.14 M⊙/yr. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Roccatagliata, V., Dale, J. E., Ratzka, T., Testi, L., Burkert, A. M., Koepferl, C. M., Sicilia‐Aguilar, A., Eiroa, C., & Gaczkowski, B. (2015) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1509.06216
Self-citationSemi-global Simulations of Star Formation in Nuclear Rings of Barred Galaxies
Kim, W., & Moon, S. (2024) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2742/1/012006
Massive star formation at the Galactic crossroads: Insights from G358.69+0.03 in the Galactic center
Cheema, A., Veena, V. S., Menten, K. M., Pillai, T., Dzib, S. A., Brunthaler, A., KHAN, S. A. M., Dokara, R., Rugel, M. R., & Gong, Y. (2026) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202554989
- Authors
- Koepferl, C. M., Robitaille, T. P., Morales, E. F. E., & Johnston, K. G.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Koepferl, Christine M.
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2015-01-15
- Volume
- 799
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 53
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W2107052627
- Cited by
- 50
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 7
- FWCI
- 5.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- St Andrews Research Repository (St Andrews Research Repository) (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (ST/M001296/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Keywords
- young stellar objects, main-sequence stars, Central Molecular Zone, star formation rate, 24 micron emission, MIPS, radiative transfer modeling, misclassification, Milky Way, free-free emission
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