THE DOMINANT EPOCH OF STAR FORMATION IN THE MILKY WAY FORMED THE THICK DISK
Open accessAbstract
We report the first robust measurement of the Milky Way star formation history using the imprint left on chemical abundances of long-lived stars. The formation of the Galactic thick disk occurs during an intense star formation phase between 9.0 ( z ∼ 1.5) and 12.5 Gyr ( z ∼ 4.5) ago and is followed by a dip (at z ∼ 1.1) lasting about 1 Gyr. Our results imply that the thick disk is as massive as the Milky Way's thin disk, suggesting a fundamental role of this component in the genesis of our Galaxy, something that had been largely unrecognized. This new picture implies that huge quantities of gas necessary to feed the building of the thick disk must have been present at these epochs, in contradiction with the long-term infall assumed by chemical evolution models in the last two decades. These results allow us to fit the Milky Way within the emerging features of the evolution of disk galaxies in the early universe.
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The Milky Way never experienced a major merger since reaching a mass of M? ~ 10^9 Msun, which it had already attained at z = 4.
“Accordingly, the Milky Way never experienced a major merger since reaching a mass of M ? 10 9 M , which it had already attained at z = 4 (Snaith et al. 2014; Kruijssen et al. 2019b).”
From Kraken reveals itself – the merger history of the Milky Way reconstructed with the E-MOSAICS simulations (2020) · cites this paper as Snaith et al. 2014
The Results and Section 5.2 describe early star formation and gas accretion, but do not say whether the Milky Way experienced a major merger after reaching a particular mass. The Figure 2 caption describes cumulative stellar mass by redshift without stating a mass of approximately 10^9 solar masses at z = 4. Searches for the merger history and the claimed mass threshold found no passage establishing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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Diffuse Galactic antimatter from faint thermonuclear supernovae in old stellar populations
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Kawata, D., Grand, R. J. J., Gibson, B. K., Casagrande, L., Hunt, J. A. S., & Brook, C. B. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2363 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Origin of the Local Group satellite planes
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Lian, J., Zasowski, G., Mackereth, J. T., Imig, J., Holtzman, J. A., Beaton, R. L., Bird, J. C., Cunha, K., Fernández-Trincado, J. G., Horta, D., et al. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1151 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
THE MILKY WAY AS A HIGH-REDSHIFT GALAXY: THE IMPORTANCE OF THICK DISK FORMATION IN GALAXIES
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Self-citationPagnini, G., Matteo, P. D., Александрович, Х. С., Mastrobuono-Battisti, A., Haywood, M., Renaud, F., & Combes, F. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202245128 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
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Spina, L., Meléndez, J., Karakas, A. I., Ramírez, I., Monroe, T. R., Asplund, M., & Yong, D. (2016) · ANU Open Research (Australian National University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1606.04842 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
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Self-citationLarge molecular gas reservoirs in ancestors of Milky Way-mass galaxies nine billion years ago
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Leaman, R., Mendel, J. T., Wisnioski, E., Brooks, A. M., Beasley, M. A., Starkenburg, E., Martig, M., Battaglia, G., Christensen, C., Cole, A. A., et al. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx2014 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
A plane of high-velocity galaxies across the Local Group
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The escape velocity curve of the Milky Way in modified Newtonian dynamics
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The kinematics of local thick discs do not support an accretion origin
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Donlon, T., & Newberg, H. J. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acb150 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
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Milky Way globular clusters on cosmological timescales
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Mergers, tidal interactions, and mass exchange in a population of disc globular clusters
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The structure of the Milky Way based on unWISE 3.4 μm integrated photometry
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The AMBRE Project: Solar neighbourhood chemodynamical constraints on Galactic disc evolution
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Can isolated single black holes produce X-ray novae?
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The history of stellar metallicity in a simulated disc galaxy
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Self-citationProperties of extragalactic thick discs recovered from ultra-deep Stripe82 imaging
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The QuaStar Survey: Detecting Hidden Low-velocity Gas in the Milky Way’s Circumgalactic Medium
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The globular cluster system of the Auriga simulations
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Chiang, B. T., Ostriker, J. P., & Schive, H.-Y. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3358 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Diffuse Galactic antimatter from faint thermonuclear supernovae in old stellar populations
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Rybizki, J., Just, A., & Rix, H. (2017) · Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201730522 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
On the Formation of Planets in the Milky Way’s Thick Disk
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Self-similarity in the chemical evolution of galaxies and the delay-time distribution of SNe Ia
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Abundance ties: Nephele and the globular cluster population accreted with ω Cen
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Self-citationSelf-similarity in the chemical evolution of galaxies and the delay-time distribution of SNe Ia
Walcher, C. J., Yates, R. M., Minchev, I., Chiappini, C., Bergemann, M., Bruzual, G. A., Charlot, S., Coelho, P., Gallazzi, A., & Martig, M. (2016) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201528019/pdf · Cited by 15 · see citing works
- Authors
- Snaith, O. N., Haywood, M., Di Matteo, P., Lehnert, M. D., Combes, F., Katz, D., & Gómez, A.
- Affiliations
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Snaith, Owain N.
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2014-01-10
- Volume
- 781
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- L31
- ISSN
- 2041-8205 (ISSN-L)
- 2041-8213
- OpenAlex
- W2079368516
- Cited by
- 153
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 12
- FWCI
- 11.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal Letters (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-10-BLAN-0508, ANR-10)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Keywords
- Milky Way thick disk, star formation history, chemical abundances, disk galaxy evolution, gas infall, disk mass, chemical evolution models
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