The E-MOSAICS project: simulating the formation and co-evolution of galaxies and their star cluster populations

Pfeffer, Joel; Kruijssen, J M Diederik; Crain, Robert A; Bastian, Nate

doi:10.1093/mnras/stx3124

Cited by 243Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, PhenomenaAstrophysics and Star Formation StudiesStellar, planetary, and galactic studies

The E-MOSAICS project: simulating the formation and co-evolution of galaxies and their star cluster populations

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Pfeffer, Joel, Kruijssen, J M Diederik, Crain, Robert A, Bastian, Nate·2018·Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

DOI 10.1093/mnras/stx3124

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Abstract

We introduce the MOdelling Star cluster population Assembly In Cosmological Simulations within EAGLE (E-MOSAICS) project. E-MOSAICS incorporates models describing the formation, evolution, and disruption of star clusters into the EAGLE galaxy formation simulations, enabling the examination of the co-evolution of star clusters and their host galaxies in a fully cosmological context. A fraction of the star formation rate of dense gas is assumed to yield a cluster population; this fraction and the population's initial properties are governed by the physical properties of the natal gas. The subsequent evolution and disruption of the entire cluster population are followed accounting for two-body relaxation, stellar evolution, and gravitational shocks induced by the local tidal field. This introductory paper presents a detailed description of the model and initial results from a suite of 10 simulations of ∼L⋆ galaxies with disc-like morphologies at z = 0. The simulations broadly reproduce key observed characteristics of young star clusters and globular clusters (GCs), without invoking separate formation mechanisms for each population. The simulated GCs are the surviving population of massive clusters formed at early epochs (z ≳ 1–2), when the characteristic pressures and surface densities of star-forming gas were significantly higher than observed in local galaxies. We examine the influence of the star formation and assembly histories of galaxies on their cluster populations, finding that (at similar present-day mass) earlier-forming galaxies foster a more massive and disruption-resilient cluster population, while galaxies with late mergers are capable of forming massive clusters even at late cosmic epochs. We find that the phenomenological treatment of interstellar gas in EAGLE precludes the accurate modelling of cluster disruption in low-density environments, but infer that simulations incorporating an explicitly modelled cold interstellar gas phase will overcome this shortcoming.

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E-MOSAICS simulations simultaneously reproduce young and old stellar cluster populations with a single, environmentally dependent cluster formation and disruption model, enabling linking the properties of the cluster population to the assembly history of the host galaxy.
“Because these simulations simultaneously reproduce young and old stellar cluster populations with a single, environmentally dependent cluster formation and disruption model, they enable linking the properties of the cluster population to the assembly history of the host galaxy.”
From Kraken reveals itself – the merger history of the Milky Way reconstructed with the E-MOSAICS simulations (2020) · cites this paper as Pfeffer et al. 2018
Because E-MOSAICS overpredicts the number of GCs at masses much smaller than M~10^5 Msun due to underdisruption, the authors only consider GCs with z=0 masses of M>5x10^4 Msun.
“Because E-MOSAICS overpredicts the number of GCs at masses much smaller than M 10 5 M due to underdisruption (Pfe er et al. 2018; Kruijssen et al. 2019a), we only consider GCs with z = 0 masses of M > 5 10 4 M .”
From Kraken reveals itself – the merger history of the Milky Way reconstructed with the E-MOSAICS simulations (2020) · cites this paper as Pfeffer et al. 2018

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On the evolution of the Galactic globular cluster system
Vesperini, E. (1997) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/287.4.915 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
THE RICH GLOBULAR CLUSTER SYSTEM OF ABELL 1689 AND THE RADIAL DEPENDENCE OF THE GLOBULAR CLUSTER FORMATION EFFICIENCY
Alamo-Martínez, K. A., Blakeslee, J. P., Jee, M. J., Côté, P., Ferrarese, L., González-Lópezlira, R. A., Jordán, A., Meurer, G. R., Peng, E. W., & West, M. J. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/775/1/20 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Globular cluster formation within the Aquarius simulation
Griffen, B. F., Drinkwater, M. J., Thomas, P. A., Helly, J. C., & Pimbblet, K. A. (2010) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16458.x · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Dissolution is the solution: on the reduced mass-to-light ratios of Galactic globular clusters
Kruijssen, J. M. D., & Mieske, S. (2009) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200811453/pdf · Cited by 67 · see citing works
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A NEW LOOK AT THE OLD STAR CLUSTER NGC 6791
Platais, I., Cudworth, K. M., Kozhurina-Platais, V., McLaughlin, D. E., Meibom, S., & Veillet, C. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/733/1/l1 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
The origin of globular cluster systems from cosmological simulations
Bekki, K., Yahagi, H., Nagashima, M., & Forbes, D. A. (2008) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13318.x · Cited by 62 · see citing works
If it does not kill them, it makes them stronger: collisional evolution of star clusters with tidal shocks
Gieles, M., & Renaud, F. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters · doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slw163 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Mass loss rates and the mass evolution of star clustersPreprint
Lamers, H. J. G. L. M., Baumgardt, H., Gieles, M., Astrophysics, & 1/1/17, A. A. B. (2010) · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Adiabatic invariants in stellar dynamics, 3: Application to globular cluster evolution
Weinberg, M. D. (1994) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/117163 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Modeling the dynamical evolution of the M87 globular cluster system
Vesperini, E., Zepf, S. E., Kundu, A., & Ashman, K. M. (2003) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 60 · see citing works
The evolution of the stellar mass function in star clusters
Kruijssen, J. M. D., Astrophysics, & 1/1/14, S. A. B. (2009) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200913325/pdf · Cited by 56 · see citing works
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Clues on the missing sources of reionization from self-consistent modelling of Milky Way and dwarf galaxy globular clusters
Katz, H., & Ricotti, M. (2014) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stu1489 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The photometric evolution of star clusters and the preferential loss of low-mass bodies – with an application to globular clusters
Kruijssen, J. M. D., & Lamers, H. J. G. L. M. (2008) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200810167 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
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ON THE INTERPRETATION OF THE GLOBULAR CLUSTER LUMINOSITY FUNCTION
Kruijssen, J. M. D., & Zwart, S. F. P. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/698/2/l158 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citation
Evolution of star clusters in a cosmological tidal field
Rieder, S., Ishiyama, T., Langelaan, P., Makino, J., McMillan, S. L. W., & Zwart, S. P. (2013) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1848 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Evidence for temporal evolution in the M33 disc as traced by its star clusters
Beasley, M. A., Roman, I. S., Gallart, C., Sarajedini, A., & Aparicio, A. (2015) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stv943 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
DETECTION OF A DISTINCT METAL-POOR STELLAR HALO IN THE EARLY-TYPE GALAXY NGC 3115
Peacock, M. B., Strader, J., Romanowsky, A. J., & Brodie, J. P. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/800/1/13 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
AGE DETERMINATION OF 15 OLD TO INTERMEDIATE-AGE SMALL MAGELLANIC CLOUD STAR CLUSTERS
Parisi, M. C., Geisler, D., Carraro, G., Clariá, J. J., Costa, E., Grocholski, A. J., Sarajedini, A., Leiton, R., & Piatti, A. E. (2014) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/147/4/71 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Dynamical masses of two young globular clusters in the blue compact galaxy ESO 338–IG04
Östlin, G., Cumming, R., & Bergvall, N. (2006) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20054461 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
A NEW METHOD FOR MEASURING METALLICITIES OF YOUNG SUPER STAR CLUSTERS
Gazak, J. Z., Davies, B., Bastian, N., Kudritzki, R. P., Bergemann, M., Plez, B., Evans, C. J., Patrick, L. R., Bresolin, F., & Schinnerer, E. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/787/2/142 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
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The role of galaxy mergers on the evolution of star clusters
Renaud, F., & Gieles, M. (2013) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters · doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slt013 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Observations of metals in thez ≈ 3.5 intergalactic medium and comparison to the EAGLE simulations
Turner, M. L., Schaye, J., Crain, R. A., Theuns, T., & Wendt, M. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw1816 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
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PHAT Stellar Cluster Survey. I. Year 1 catalog and integrated photometry
Johnson, L. C., Seth, A. C., Dalcanton, J. J., Caldwell, N., Fouesneau, M., Gouliermis, D. A., Hodge, P. W., Larsen, S. S., Olsen, K. A. G., San Roman, I., et al. (2012) · Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The Lifecycle of Clusters in Galaxies
Adamo, A., & Bastian, N. (2015) · Astrophysics and space science library · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-22801-3_4 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
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A variation of the fraction of stars that form in bound clusters within M83
Silva-Villa, E., Adamo, A., & Bastian, N. (2013) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters · doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slt115 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
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A tight relation between the age distributions of stellar clusters and the properties of the interstellar medium in the host galaxy
Miholics, M., Kruijssen, J. M. D., & Sills, A. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1312 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
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Pitfalls when observationally characterizing the relative formation rates of stars and stellar clusters in galaxies
Kruijssen, J. M. D., & Bastian, N. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters · doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slv182 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
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Predictions for the detection of tidal streams with Gaia using great-circle methods
Mateu, C., Cooper, A. P., Font, A. S., Aguilar, L. A., Frenk, C. S., Cole, S., Wang, W., & McCarthy, I. G. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx872 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Formation of Globular Cluster Candidates in Merging Proto-galaxies at High Redshift: A View from the FIRE Cosmological Simulations
Kim, J.-H., Ma, X., Grudić, M. Y., Hopkins, P. F., Hayward, C. C., Wetzel, A., Faucher-Giguère, C.-A., Kereš, D., Garrison-Kimmel, S., & Murray, N. (2017) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1704.02988
The Lifecycle of Clusters in Galaxies
Adamo, A., & Bastian, N. (2015) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1511.08212
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Multiple Stellar Populations in Globular Clusters
Bastian, N., & Lardo, C. (2018) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081817-051839 · Cited by 693 · see citing works
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Star Clusters Across Cosmic Time
Krumholz, M. R., McKee, C. F., & Bland‐Hawthorn, J. (2019) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-091918-104430 · Cited by 657 · see citing works
Nuclear star clusters
Neumayer, N., Seth, A., & Böker, T. (2020) · The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review · doi:10.1007/s00159-020-00125-0 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
The formation and assembly history of the Milky Way revealed by its globular cluster population
Kruijssen, J. M. D., Pfeffer, J. L., Reina-Campos, M., Crain, R. A., & Bastian, N. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1609 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
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Kraken reveals itself – the merger history of the Milky Way reconstructed with the E-MOSAICS simulations
Kruijssen, J. M. D., Pfeffer, J. L., Chevance, M., Bonaca, A., Trujillo-Gomez, S., Bastian, N., Reina-Campos, M., Crain, R. A., & Hughes, M. E. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2452 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
“Most recently, these efforts have been aided by the E-MOSAICS project, which is a suite of selfconsistent, hydrodynamical cosmological simulations with a complete model for the formation and evolution of the GC population (Pfeffer et al. 2018; Kruijssen et al. 2019a).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Introducing the NEWHORIZON simulation: Galaxy properties with resolved internal dynamics across cosmic time
Dubois, Y., Beckmann, R., Bournaud, F., Choi, H.-S., Devriendt, J., Jackson, R. A., Kaviraj, S., Kimm, T., Kraljic, K., Laigle, C., et al. (2020) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039429 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Evidence from APOGEE for the presence of a major building block of the halo buried in the inner Galaxy
Horta, D., Schiavon, R. P., Mackereth, J. T., Pfeffer, J., Mason, A. C., Kisku, S. S., Fragkoudi, F., Prieto, C. A., Cunha, K., Hasselquist, S., et al. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2987 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
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From dawn till disc: Milky Way’s turbulent youth revealed by the APOGEE+ Gaia data
Belokurov, V. A., & Kravtsov, A. V. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1267 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
The mass of the Milky Way from satellite dynamics
Callingham, T. M., Cautun, M., Deason, A. J., Frenk, C. S., Wang, W., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Marinacci, F., & Pakmor, R. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz365 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
The formation and hierarchical assembly of globular cluster populations
El-Badry, K., Quataert, E., Weisz, D. R., Choksi, N., & Boylan-Kolchin, M. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty3007 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey. XXIII. Fundamentals of Nuclear Star Clusters over Seven Decades in Galaxy Mass
Sánchez-Janssen, R., Côté, P., Ferrarese, L., Peng, E. W., Roediger, J., Blakeslee, J. P., Emsellem, É., Puzia, T. H., Spengler, C. E., Taylor, J. E., et al. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaf4fd · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Globular cluster formation and evolution in the context of cosmological galaxy assembly: open questions
Forbes, D. A., Bastian, N., Gieles, M., Crain, R. A., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Larsen, S. S., Ploeckinger, S., Agertz, O., Trenti, M., Ferguson, A. M. N., et al. (2018) · Proceedings of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspa.2017.0616 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
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The E-MOSAICS project: tracing galaxy formation and assembly with the age–metallicity distribution of globular clusters
Kruijssen, J. M. D., Pfeffer, J., Crain, R. A., & Bastian, N. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz968 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
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Star Clusters Near and Far
Adamo, A., Zeidler, P., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Chevance, M., Gieles, M., Calzetti, D., Charbonnel, C., Zinnecker, H., & Krause, M. (2020) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-020-00690-x · Cited by 70 · see citing works
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Hydrodynamical Simulations of the Galaxy Population: Enduring Successes and Outstanding Challenges
Crain, R. A., & van de Voort, F. (2023) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-041923-043618 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
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Star formation at the smallest scales: a JWST study of the clump populations in SMACS0723
Claeyssens, A., Adamo, A., Richard, J., Mahler, G., Messa, M., & Dessauges-Zavadsky, M. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3791 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
The GRIFFIN Project—Formation of Star Clusters with Individual Massive Stars in a Simulated Dwarf Galaxy Starburst
Lahén, N., Naab, T., Johansson, P. H., Elmegreen, B. G., Hu, C.-Y., Walch, S., Steinwandel, U. P., & Moster, B. P. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab7190 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Formation of globular cluster systems: from dwarf galaxies to giants
Choksi, N., Gnedin, O. Y., & Li, H. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1952 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Ionizing the intergalactic medium by star clusters: the first empirical evidence
Vanzella, E., Caminha, G. B., Calura, F., Cupani, G., Meneghetti, M., Castellano, M., Rosati, P., Mercurio, A., Sani, E., Grillo, C., et al. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2286 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
An uncertainty principle for star formation – II. A new method for characterizing the cloud-scale physics of star formation and feedback across cosmic history
Kruijssen, J. M. D., Schruba, A., Hygate, A. P. S., Hu, C.-Y., Haydon, D. T., & Longmore, S. N. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1128 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
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The chemo-dynamical groups of Galactic globular clusters
Callingham, T. M., Cautun, M., Deason, A. J., Frenk, C. S., Grand, R. J. J., & Marinacci, F. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1145 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
High-precision Dark Halo Virial Masses from Globular Cluster Numbers: Implications for Globular Cluster Formation and Galaxy Assembly
Burkert, A., & Forbes, D. A. (2020) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab5b0e · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-consistent proto-globular cluster formation in cosmological simulations of high-redshift galaxies
Ma, X., Grudić, M. Y., Quataert, E., Hopkins, P. F., Faucher‐Giguère, C., Boylan-Kolchin, M., Wetzel, A. R., Kim, J.-H., Murray, N., & Kereš, D. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa527 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Evidence for Initial Mass Function Variation in Massive Early-Type Galaxies
Smith, R. J. (2020) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-032620-020217 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
High star cluster formation efficiency in the strongly lensed Sunburst Lyman-continuum galaxy at z = 2.37
Vanzella, E., Castellano, M., Bergamini, P., Meneghetti, M., Zanella, A., Calura, F., Caminha, G. B., Rosati, P., Cupani, G., Meštrić, U., et al. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141590 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Chaos and variance in galaxy formation
Keller, B., Wadsley, J. W., Wang, L., & Kruijssen, J. M. D. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2859 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
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Reconstructing the Disrupted Dwarf Galaxy Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus Using Its Stars and Globular Clusters
Limberg, G., Souza, S. O., Pérez-Villegas, Á., Rossi, S., Perottoni, H. D., & Santucci, R. M. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac8159 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
The GRIFFIN Project-Formation of Star Clusters with Individual Massive Stars in a Simulated Dwarf Galaxy Starburst
Lahen, N., Naab, T., Johansson, P. H., Elmegreen, B., Hu, C.-Y., Walch, S., Steinwandel, U. P., & Moster, B. P. (2020) · Kölner Universitäts PublikationsServer (Universität zu Köln) · Cited by 83 · see citing works
A model for the formation of stellar associations and clusters from giant molecular clouds
Grudić, M. Y., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Faucher‐Giguère, C., Hopkins, P. F., Ma, X., Quataert, E., & Boylan-Kolchin, M. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1894 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
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Star cluster formation in the most extreme environments: insights from the HiPEEC survey
Adamo, A., Hollyhead, K., Messa, M., Ryon, J., Bajaj, V., Runnholm, A., Aalto, S., Calzetti, D., Gallagher, J., Hayes, M., et al. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2380 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
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The MUSE Deep Lensed Field on the Hubble Frontier Field MACS J0416
Vanzella, E., Caminha, G. B., Rosati, P., Mercurio, A., Castellano, M., Meneghetti, M., Grillo, C., Sani, E., Bergamini, P., Calura, F., et al. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039466 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Galactic Archaeology with Gaia
Deason, A. J., & Belokurov, V. A. (2024) · New Astronomy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.newar.2024.101706 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Star cluster formation in cosmological simulations – III. Dynamical and chemical evolution
Li, H., & Gnedin, O. Y. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1114 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
High-precision dark halo virial masses from globular cluster numbers: Implications for globular cluster formation and galaxy assembly
Burkert, A., & Forbes, D. (2020) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Formation histories of stars, clusters, and globular clusters in the E-MOSAICS simulations
Reina-Campos, M., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Pfeffer, J., Bastian, N., & Crain, R. A. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1236 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citation
Origins of scaling relations of globular cluster systems
Choksi, N., & Gnedin, O. Y. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2097 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
ELVES II: Globular Clusters and Nuclear Star Clusters of Dwarf Galaxies: the Importance of Environment
Carlsten, S. G., Greene, J. E., Beaton, R. L., & Greco, J. P. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac457e · Cited by 65 · see citing works
GW190412 as a Third-generation Black Hole Merger from a Super Star Cluster
Rodriguez, C. L., Kremer, K., Grudić, M. Y., Hafen, Z., Chatterjee, S., Fragione, G., Lamberts, A., Martinez, M. A. S., Rasio, F. A., Weatherford, N. C., et al. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab961d · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Implications for galaxy formation models from observations of globular clusters around ultradiffuse galaxies
Saifollahi, T., Zaritsky, D., Trujillo, I., Peletier, R. F., Knapen, J. H., Amorisco, N. C., Beasley, M. A., & Donnerstein, R. L. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac328 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
An old, metal-poor globular cluster in Sextans A and the metallicity floor of globular cluster systems
Beasley, M. A., Leaman, R., Gallart, C., Larsen, S. S., Battaglia, G., Monelli, M., & Pedreros, M. H. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1349 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Nuclear star clusters
Neumayer, N., & Nota, A. (2017) · Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Metallicity gradients in the globular cluster systems of early-type galaxies: in situ and accreted components?
Forbes, D. A., & Remus, R. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1767 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
The APOGEE value-added catalogue of Galactic globular cluster stars
Schiavon, R. P., Phillips, S., Myers, N., Horta, D., Minniti, D., Prieto, C. A., Anguiano, B., Beaton, R. L., Beers, T. C., Brownstein, J. R., et al. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3020 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Globular Cluster Formation and Evolution in the Context of Cosmological Galaxy Assembly: Open Questions
Forbes, D. A., Bastian, N., Gieles, M., Crain, R. A., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Larsen, S. S., Ploeckinger, S., Agertz, O., Trenti, M., Ferguson, A. M. N., et al. (2018) · Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey) · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citation
Introducing EMP- Pathfinder : modelling the simultaneous formation and evolution of stellar clusters in their host galaxies
Reina-Campos, M., Keller, B., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Gensior, J., Trujillo-Gomez, S., Jeffreson, S., Pfeffer, J., & Sills, A. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1934 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Origin of the Stellar Mass Distribution and Multiplicity
Lee, Y.-N., Offner, S. S. R., Hennebelle, P., André, P., Zinnecker, H., Ballesteros‐Paredes, J., Inutsuka, S.-I., & Kruijssen, J. M. D. (2020) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-020-00699-2 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citation
Great balls of FIRE – I. The formation of star clusters across cosmic time in a Milky Way-mass galaxy
Grudić, M. Y., Hafen, Z., Rodriguez, C. L., Guszejnov, D., Lamberts, A., Wetzel, A. R., Boylan-Kolchin, M., & Faucher‐Giguère, C. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3573 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
The SLUGGS survey: measuring globular cluster ages using both photometry and spectroscopy
Usher, C., Brodie, J. P., Forbes, D. A., Romanowsky, A. J., Strader, J., Pfeffer, J., & Bastian, N. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2596 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
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Formation and evolution of young massive clusters in galaxy mergers: the SMUGGLE view
Li, H., Vogelsberger, M., Bryan, G. L., Marinacci, F., Sales, L. V., & Torrey, P. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1136 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
The outer halo globular cluster system of M31 – III. Relationship to the stellar halo
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The cosmic globular cluster formation history in the E-MOSAICS simulationsPreprint
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Authors: Pfeffer, J., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Crain, R. A., & Bastian, N.
Affiliations: Liverpool John Moores University (GB)
Heidelberg University (DE)
Corresponding author: Pfeffer, Joel
ORCID: Pfeffer, Joel
Kruijssen, J M Diederik
Crain, Robert A
Bastian, Nate
Venue: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2017-12-05
Volume: 475
Issue: 4
Pages: 4309-4346
ISSN: 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
1365-2966
DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stx3124
OpenAlex: W2773772132
Cited by: 243
References: 199
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 1
FWCI: 13.46
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
arxiv.org
Locations: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (publishedVersion)
Liverpool John Moores University (acceptedVersion)
arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
arXiv (Cornell University)
Funders: European Research Council (ERC-CoG-646928-Multi-Pop)
DFG (KR4801/1-1, PI Kruijssen)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
Keywords: star cluster populations, globular clusters, star cluster disruption, galaxy co-evolution, EAGLE simulation, cosmological hydrodynamics, two-body relaxation, tidal field, stellar evolution, galaxy assembly history, star formation rate, disk galaxies

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The E-MOSAICS project: simulating the formation and co-evolution of galaxies and their star cluster populations

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