The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Enhanced Expression of Transgenes from Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors with the Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus Posttranscriptional Regulatory Element: Implications for Gene Therapy
Abstract
The woodchuck hepatitis virus posttranscriptional regulatory element (WPRE) evolved to stimulate the expression of intronless viral messages. To determine whether this ability to enhance expression could be useful in nonviral and heterologous viral gene delivery systems, we analyzed the ability of the WPRE to elevate the expression of a cDNA encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP) in these contexts. We find that the WPRE can stimulate the expression of GFP when the gene is delivered by transfection or transduction with recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV). Enhancement occurred both during transient expression and when the gene is stably incorporated into the genome of target cells. This enhancement required that the WPRE be located in cis within the GFP message, and was observed in both transformed cell lines and primary human fibroblasts. These results demonstrate that the WPRE will be an effective tool for increasing the long-term expression of transgenes in gene therapy.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“WPRE is a 600 bp long tripartite element containing gamma, alpha, and beta elements, in the given order [16] and contributes to the strong expression of transgenes in AAV systems [11-13].”
From Optimization of AAV expression cassettes to improve packaging capacity and transgene expression in neurons (2014) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“The woodchuck hepatitis post-transcriptional regulatory element (WPRE) is often included in AAV cassettes to improve viral titer and transduction efficiency via stabilizing mRNA and regulating transcriptional termination [26, 27].”
From Designing and optimizing AAV-mediated gene therapy for neurodegenerative diseases: from bench to bedside (2024) · cites this paper as [26]
Citations
Cites
Tsien, R. Y. (1998) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.67.1.509 · Cited by 6,178
Xiao, X., Li, J., & Samulski, R. J. (1998) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.72.3.2224-2232.1998 · Cited by 1,381
Malim, M. H., Hauber, J., Le, S.-Y., Maizel, J. V., & Cullen, B. R. (1989) · Nature · doi:10.1038/338254a0 · Cited by 1,280
Zufferey, R., Donello, J. E., Trono, D., & Hope, T. J. (1999) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.73.4.2886-2892.1999 · Cited by 1,030
Self-citationXiao, X., Li, J., & Samulski, R. J. (1996) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.70.11.8098-8108.1996 · Cited by 913
Samulski, R. J., Chang, L., & Shenk, T. E. (1989) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.63.9.3822-3828.1989 · Cited by 742
Quantitative analysis of the packaging capacity of recombinant adeno-associated virus
Dong, J.-Y., Fan, P.-D., & Frizzell, R. A. (1996) · Human Gene Therapy · doi:10.1089/hum.1996.7.17-2101 · Cited by 583
Snyder, R. O., Miao, C. H., Patijn, G. A., Spratt, S. K., Danos, O., Nagy, D., Gown, A. M., Winther, B., Meuse, L. A., Cohen, L. K., et al. (1997) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng0797-270 · Cited by 579
Fisher, K. J., Gao, G. P., Weitzman, M. D., DeMatteo, R. P., Burda, J. F., & Wilson, J. M. (1996) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.70.1.520-532.1996 · Cited by 546
Self-citationFlotte, T. R., Afione, S. A., Conrad, C., McGrath, S. A., Solow, R., Oka, H., Zeitlin, P. L., Guggino, W. B., & Carter, B. J. (1993) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.90.22.10613 · Cited by 490
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- BUCHMAN A.R., 1988, Mol. Cell. Biol., 8, 4395, 10.1128/MCB.8.10.4395 · DOI
- FLOTTE T.R., 1995, Gene Ther., 2, 357
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–278 of 278
Wright, J. H., Huang, L.-Y., Weaver, S., Archila, L. D., McAfee, M. S., Hirayama, A. V. V., Chapuis, A. G., Bleakley, M., Rongvaux, A., Turtle, C. J., et al. (2020) · Journal of Immunological Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jim.2020.112955 · Cited by 6
Lopes, F. M., Grenier, C., Jarvis, B. W., Mahdy, S. A., Lène-McKay, A., Gurney, A. M., Newman, W. G., Waddington, S. N., Woolf, A. S., & Roberts, N. A. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.91828 · Cited by 6
Ye, R., Rhoderick, J. F., Thompson, C. M., & Bridges, R. J. (2010) · Protein Expression and Purification · doi:10.1016/j.pep.2010.04.006 · Cited by 6
Loeb, J. E., Weitzman, M. D., & Hope, T. J. (2003) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1385/1-59259-280-5:331 · Cited by 6
Self-citationSelection of UTRs in mRNA-Based Gene Therapy and Vaccines
Volkhin, I. A., Paremskaia, A. I., Dashian, M. A., Smeshnova, D. S., Pavlov, R. E., Mityaeva, O. N., Volchkov, P. Y., & Deviatkin, A. A. (2025) · Biochemistry (Moscow) · doi:10.1134/s0006297924604659 · Cited by 7
Cui, H., Li, Q., Wang, P., & Fang, J. (2023) · Glycobiology · doi:10.1093/glycob/cwad021 · Cited by 5
Harms, J. S., Eakle, K. A., Kuo, L. S., Bremel, R. D., & Splitter, G. A. (2004) · Genetic Vaccines and Therapy · doi:10.1186/1479-0556-2-11 · Cited by 5
Giannakopoulou, D., Daguin‐Nerrière, V., Mitsacos, A., Kouvelas, E. D., Neveu, I., Giompres, P., & Brachet, P. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.23031 · Cited by 5
AAV and RT-PCR: True or False?
Snyder, R. O. (2000) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1006/mthe.2000.0066 · Cited by 5
Schön, C., Bećirović, E., Biel, M., & Michalakis, S. (2017) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-7522-8_3 · Cited by 5
Intravitreal Injection of AAV for the Transduction of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells
Nieuwenhuis, B., & Osborne, A. (2023) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-3409-7_17 · Cited by 4
Novel Enhanced Mammalian Cell Transient Expression Vector via Promoter Combination
Yoon, S., Park, S., Lee, J., Kim, B., & Gwak, W. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25042330 · Cited by 4
Retrograde viral transduction of cortical pyramidal neurons from the spinal cord
Groutsi, F., Mason, M. R. J., Anderson, P. N., Martins, S., Anesti, M., Coffin, R. S., & Campbell, G. (2008) · Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience · doi:10.3233/rnn-2008-00451 · Cited by 4
Pushing the Right Buttons: Improving Efficacy of Therapeutic DNA Vectors
Hacobian, A., & Hercher, D. (2017) · Tissue Engineering Part B Reviews · doi:10.1089/ten.teb.2017.0353 · Cited by 4
Lin, J. Y. (2013) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-62703-351-0_31 · Cited by 4
Optimization of Baculovirus-Mediated Gene Delivery into Vertebrate Cells
Airenne, K. J. (2009) · BioProcessing Journal · doi:10.12665/j83.airenne · Cited by 4
Zanker, J., Hüser, D., Savy, A., Lázaro-Petri, S., Hammer, E.-M., Schwarzer, C., & Heilbronn, R. (2023) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2023.1280556 · Cited by 3
Expression Cassette Design and Regulation of Transgene Expression
Keravala, A., & Gasmi, M. (2021) · International Ophthalmology Clinics · doi:10.1097/iio.0000000000000363 · Cited by 3
Eguchi, T., Tezuka, T., Watanabe, Y., Inoue‐Yamauchi, A., Sagara, H., Ozawa, M., & Yamanashi, Y. (2024) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.108997 · Cited by 2
Lentiviral vectors as the delivery vehicles for transduction into iPSCs
Kantor, B., & Chiba‐Falek, O. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85766-6.00005-x · Cited by 3
Moazzami, R., Mirzahoseini, H., Nematollahi, L., Barkhordari, F., Raigani, M., Taheri, F. H., Mahbudi, F., & Davami, F. (2021) · Iranian Biomedical Journal · doi:10.52547/ibj.25.4.275 · Cited by 2
Influence of Host Age on Intracranial AAV9 TauP301L Induced Tauopathy
Tetlow, A. M., Jackman, B. M., Alhadidy, M. M., Perumal, V., Morgan, D., & Gordon, M. N. (2023) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-221276 · Cited by 2
Meganck, R. M., Ogurlu, R., Liu, J., Møller-Tank, S., Tse, L. V., Blondel, L. O., Rosales, A., Hall, A. C., Vincent, H. A., Moorman, N. J., et al. (2024) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.00095-24 · Cited by 2
Regulatory Elements for Gene Therapy of Epilepsy
Chesnokova, E., Bal, N. V., Alhalabi, G., & Balaban, P. M. (2025) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells14030236 · Cited by 2
Design and Optimization of Expression Cassettes Including Promoter Choice and Regulatory Elements
Fitzsimons, H. L., & During, M. J. (2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012397632-1/50002-2 · Cited by 2
Puntel, M., Barrett, R. J., Mondkar, S., Saxena, V., Kroeger, K. M., Muhammad, A. K. M. G., Liu, C., Bondale, N. S., Sciascia, S. A., Xiong, W., et al. (2008) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01298-08 · Cited by 2
Gene Delivery and Gene Therapy for Alzheimer’s Disease
Woodbury, M. E., Kiyota, T., & Ikezu, T. (2015) · Neuromethods · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2306-9_4 · Cited by 2
Virus Vectors for use in the Central Nervous System
Lehtonen, E., & Tenenbaum, L. (2003) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0074-7742(03)01002-x · Cited by 1
Jimenez, A., Gressette, M., Barjon, C., Wei, M., Gourzonès, C., & Busson, P. (2011) · BMC Biotechnology · doi:10.1186/1472-6750-11-26 · Cited by 1
Ye, L. (2012) · AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY · doi:10.5897/ajb12.399 · Cited by 1
The Use of Viral Vectors to Enhance Cognition
Ikezu, T. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-417042-1.00006-1 · Cited by 1
Lee, S.-A., Kim, H., Lee, S. Y., & Kim, B. (2017) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.06.109 · Cited by 1
Michalakis, S., Gerhardt, M.-J., Priglinger, C., & Priglinger, S. G. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90495-5_150-1 · Cited by 1
Lopes, F. M., Grenier, C., Jarvis, B. W., Mahdy, S. A., Lène-McKay, A., Gurney, A. M., Newman, W. G., Waddington, S. N., Woolf, A. S., & Roberts, N. A. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.91828.3 · Cited by 1
Gene Therapy for Choroideremia
Barnard, A. R., Groppe, M., & MacLaren, R. E. (2014) · Essentials in ophthalmology/Essentials ophthalmology · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-45188-5_3 · Cited by 2
Wang, W., Guo, X. H., Chen, S., Wang, T., Wang, F., Qin, L., & Wang, Y. (2020) · Process Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2020.04.005 · Cited by 1
Michalakis, S., Gerhardt, M.-J., Priglinger, C., & Priglinger, S. G. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42634-7_150 · Cited by 1
The Blood – Brain Barrier and its Effect on Absorption and Distribution
de Boer, A. G., & Gaillard, P. J. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470571224.pse041 · Cited by 1
On the Use of Post-Transcriptional Processing Elements in Transgenes
Whitelaw, B., Hiripi, L., Farini, E., Opsahl, M. L., & Bösze, Z. (2004) · Transgenic Research · doi:10.1023/b:trag.0000017178.79427.2c · Cited by 1
Harding, T. C., Dickinson, P. J., Roberts, B. N., Yendluri, S., Gonzalez-Edick, M., LeCouteur, R. A., & Jooss, K. U. (2006) · Human Gene Therapy · doi:10.1089/hum.2006.17.ft-227 · Cited by 1
Les copolymères à blocs pour le transfert de gènes dans le muscle squelettique
Richard, P. (2006) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique)
Transcription, Translation, and the Control of Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells
Mullick, A., & Massie, B. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470054581.eib565
The State of the Art and Future of Gene Medicines
Jacobs, F., Gordts, S. C., & Geest, B. D. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470571224.pse515 · Cited by 1
Apolipoproteins A-I and A-V as gene therapeutic targets to intervene in lipid metabolism
Vaessen, S. F. C. (2009) · UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam)
Mavencamp, T. L. (2008) · The Mathematics Enthusiast
Adeno-Associated Viral-Mediated Gene Therapy of Lysosomal Storage Disorders
Cabrera-Salazar, M. A., & Cheng, S. H. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-70909-3_8
Gene Therapy in the Central Nervous System
Barkats, M., Bemelmans, A., Brun, S., Corti, O., Sarkis, C., & Mallet, J. J. (2003) · Research and perspectives in neurosciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-55543-5_11
Novel AAV-mediated Therapeutic Strategies for Epilepsy
Foti, S. B. (2008) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/wakz-r188
The role of excitatory amino acid transporters in neuroprotection and neuropathology
Weller, M. L. (2006) · The Mathematics Enthusiast
Localization and Function Of RNA Interference in the Cerebral Cortex
Pena, J. (2025) · Digital Commons - RU (Rockefeller University) · doi:10.48496/5dx1-a532
Chemical Modulation of AAV Trafficking
Berry, G. E. (2016) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/dpe3-gy73
Virus-mediated Delivery of the Fmr1 Gene as a Tool for the Treatment of Fragile X Syndrome
Moghaddam, S. G. (2016) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
The WPRE improves genetic engineering with site-specific nucleasesPreprint
Ong, J. M., Brown, C. R., Mendel, M. C., & Cost, G. J. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/126904
Intravenously administered gene therapy for neuronopathic Gaucher disease
Massaro, G. (2018) · UCL Discovery (University College London)
Harms, J. S., Eakle, K. A., Kuo, L. S., Bremel, R. D., & Splitter, G. A. (2015)
Lindberg, I., Shu, Z., Lam, H. A., Helwig, M., Yucer, N., Laperle, A., Svendsen, C. N., Monte, D. A. D., & Maidment, N. T. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.09.29.462435
Deng, W., Yan, Z., Dinculescu, A., Pang, J., Teusner, J. T., Cortez, N. G., Berns, K. I., & Hauswirth, W. W. (2005) · Human Gene Therapy · doi:10.1089/hum.2005.16.ft-125
Fehlings, M. G. (2020) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.734958350.793573257
Lopes, F. M., Grenier, C., Jarvis, B. W., Mahdy, S. A., Lène-McKay, A., Gurney, A. M., Newman, W. G., Waddington, S. N., Woolf, A. S., & Roberts, N. A. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.07.03.547034
Lopes, F. M., Grenier, C., Jarvis, B. W., Mahdy, S. A., Lène-McKay, A., Gurney, A. M., Newman, W. G., Waddington, S. N., Woolf, A. S., & Roberts, N. A. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.91828.1
Early dynamics of excitation and inhibition maintain late frequency tuning in auditory cortexPreprint
Reid, A. P., Zador, A. M., & Hromádka, T. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.01.26.577483
Lopes, F. M., Grenier, C., Jarvis, B. W., Mahdy, S. A., Lène-McKay, A., Gurney, A. M., Newman, W. G., Waddington, S. N., Woolf, A. S., & Roberts, N. A. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.91828.2
Lopes, F. M., Grenier, C., Jarvis, B. W., Mahdy, S. A., Lène-McKay, A., Gurney, A. M., Newman, W. G., Waddington, S. N., Woolf, A. S., & Roberts, N. A. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.91828.2.sa3
Sinha, V., Ayoub, P. G., Juett, C. J., Lathrop, L. E., Foley, R. A., Sims, R. A., Long, J. D., Duggan, E. C., Fernandes, N., Illek, B., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.09.21.677613
Rashwan, R., Fuller-Carter, P. I., Lim, X. R., Brunet, A. A., Miller, A. L., Bhatt, Y., James, R., Anderson, D., Voigt, V., Paulo, J. A., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2025.12.09.692426
Gene Transfer Studies Using Mouse Models
Pergolizzi, R. G., & Crystal, R. G. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012369454-6/50026-1
Ciron, C. (2006) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique)
Sinha, V., Ayoub, P. G., Juett, C. J., Lathrop, L. E., Foley, R. A., Sims, R. A., Long, J. D., Duggan, E. C., Fernandes, N. R., Illek, B., et al. (2026) · Molecular Therapy — Nucleic Acids · doi:10.1016/j.omtn.2026.103049 · Cited by 1
Rashwan, R., Fuller-Carter, P. I., Lim, X. R., Brunet, A. A., Miller, A. L., Bhatt, Y., James, R., Anderson, D., Voigt, V., Paulo, J. A., et al. (2026) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2026.09.025
Ayon, A., Jalil, A., Egan, C., Ducos, B., Mailhes‐Hamon, C., Tangara, A., Mathieu, B., Bemelmans, A., Llano, I., Bourdieu, L., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.09.22.752944
A study of intracoronary gene transfer using stents coated with plasmid vectors
Williams, P. D. (2011) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester)
Estrategias de transferencia génica en cerebro mediadas por vectores virales adenoasociados
Armas, J. M. B., Marrero, I. G., Perdomo, A. L. C., Calero, E. M. C., Fumero, A. A., Hernández, J. R. C., & Fuentes, R. (2009) · Majorensis: Revista Electrónica de Ciencia y Tecnología
Metadata
- Authors
- Loeb, J. E., Cordier, W. S., Harris, M. E., Weitzman, M. D., & Hope, T. J.
- Affiliations
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies (US)
- Venue
- Human Gene Therapy
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1999-09-20
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 2295-2305
- ISSN
- 1043-0342 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-7422
- OpenAlex
- W2142334980
- Cited by
- 279
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 5.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Human Gene Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Virus-based gene therapy research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Research and Splicing
- Keywords
- woodchuck hepatitis virus, adeno-associated virus vectors, green fluorescent protein, gene therapy, cis-acting regulation, stable transfection, transduction, human fibroblasts, long-term transgene expression
- MeSH terms
- Dependovirus, Cell Line, Flow Cytometry, Genetic Vectors, Humans, Luminescent Proteins, Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid, RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional, RNA, Viral, Blotting, Western, Gene Expression Regulation, Viral, Hepatitis B Virus, Woodchuck, Gene Transfer Techniques, Transgenes, Green Fluorescent Proteins
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review