Web-Based Remote Monitoring Systems for Self-Managing Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review
Abstract
This systematic review aims to evaluate evidence for viability and impact of Web-based telemonitoring for managing type 2 diabetes mellitus. A review protocol included searching Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, AMED, the Cochrane Library, and PubMed using the following terms: telemonitoring, type 2 diabetes mellitus, self-management, and web-based Internet solutions. The technology used, trial design, quality of life measures, and the glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were extracted. This review identified 426 publications; of these, 19 met preset inclusion criteria. Ten quasi-experimental research designs were found, of which seven were pre–posttest studies, two were cohort studies, and one was an interrupted time-series study; in addition, there were nine randomized controlled trials. Web-based remote monitoring from home to hospital is a viable approach for healthcare delivery and enhances patients' quality of life. Six of these studies were conducted in South Korea, five in the United States, three in the United Kingdom, two in Taiwan, and one each in Spain, Poland, and India. The duration of the studies varied from 4 weeks to 18 months, and the participants were all adults. Fifteen studies showed positive improvement in HbA1c levels. One study showed high acceptance of the technology among participants. It remains challenging to identify clear evidence of effectiveness in the rapidly changing area of remote monitoring in diabetes care. Both the technology and its implementations are complex. The optimal design of a telemedicine system is still uncertain, and the value of the real-time blood glucose transmissions is still controversial.
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The extracted results for BMI, fasting blood glucose, lipids, blood pressure, and body weight were limited and heterogeneous, making it difficult to draw definitive conclusions about the effectiveness of virtual care on these parameters.
“The extracted results for these outcomes were limited and heterogeneous, making it difficult to draw definitive conclusions about the effectiveness of virtual care on these parameters [40, 45].”
From Effect of virtual care in type 2 diabetes management – a systematic umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [40]
Ten reviews and one analysis in a mixed review analyzed HbA1c in type 2 diabetes.
“A total of 10 reviews [21,29,30,33,42,43,46,52-54], and 1 analysis in a mixed review [19], analyzed HbA1c in type 2 diabetes.”
Two 1-star reviews (one of mobile telemonitoring and one of Web-based telemonitoring) showed improved HbA1c compared with control.
“Two 1-star reviews (1 of mobile telemonitoring and 1 of Web-based telemonitoring) showed improved HbA1c compared with control [19,43].”
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- Authors
- Mushcab, H., Kernohan, W. G., Wallace, J., & Martin, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Ulster (GB)
- Institute of Nursing and Health Research
- Corresponding author
- Mushcab, Hayat
- Venue
- Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2015-07
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 498-509
- ISSN
- 1520-9156 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-8593
- OpenAlex
- W2097130667
- Cited by
- 34
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6
- FWCI
- 0.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Telemedicine and Telehealth Implementation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, remote patient monitoring, web-based remote monitoring, diabetes self-management, HbA1c, quality of life, telemedicine, technology acceptance
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, United Kingdom, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, India, Monitoring, Physiologic, Poland, Quality of Life, Self Care, Spain, Taiwan, United States, Telemedicine, Internet, Republic of Korea
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