The role of discrimination in care postponement among trans-feminine individuals in the U.S. National Transgender Discrimination Survey.
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PURPOSE: This study examines the associations between discrimination experiences (types and locations) and care postponement among trans-feminine individuals in the United States. METHODS: This secondary, cross-sectional study utilized a subset of the data from the National Transgender Discrimination Survey (n = 2248), specifically for trans-feminine individuals. In this analysis, we examined the relationship between discrimination and primary care postponement. RESULTS: Twenty-six percent (26.25%) of the study sample reported delaying preventive care due to fear of discrimination; 23.98%-46.66% of respondents reported past experiences of discrimination (setting dependent). Discrimination in health and non-health settings and different types of discrimination-being denied services, verbally harassed, or physically assaulted-were all significantly associated with delaying care; respondents reporting discrimination were up to 20 times more likely to postpone care. While discrimination at a health location had the strongest association with care postponement (adjusted odds ratio = 9.65, confidence interval = 7.60-12.24), discrimination in all non-health-related locations was also important. Individuals reporting discrimination in greater numbers of locations and multiple types of discrimination were more likely to postpone care. CONCLUSION: To promote preventive care-seeking, these results affirm the importance of interventions that promote discrimination-free environments for gender minorities.
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Lack of medical provider knowledge and other barriers to care often result in transgender and gender nonbinary persons avoiding or delaying preventive care services and incurring missed opportunities for HIV and STI prevention services.
“Lack of medical provider knowledge and other barriers to care (e.g., discrimination in health care settings or denial of services) often result in transgender and gender nonbinary persons avoiding or delaying preventive care services (338–340) and incurring missed opportunities for HIV and STI prevention services.”
From Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021 (2021) · cites this paper as [340]
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- Authors
- Glick, J. L., Theall, K. P., Andrinopoulos, K. M., & Kendall, C.
- Affiliations
- Tulane University (US)
- Venue
- LGBT Health
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2018-04
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 171-179
- ISSN
- 2325-8292 (ISSN-L)
- 2325-8306
- PMC
- PMC6425922
- OpenAlex
- W2794469752
- Cited by
- 94
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 9.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- LGBT Health (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Tulane University
- National Institutes of Health
- Health Resources and Services Administration
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (P60AA009803)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (T32DA007292)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- discrimination, transgender health, preventive medicine, health care access, fear of discrimination, verbal harassment, physical assault, gender minorities
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Surveys and Questionnaires, United States, Young Adult, Transgender Persons, Social Discrimination
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