Attempted Suicide Among Transgender Persons: The Influence of Gender-Based Discrimination and Victimization
Abstract
To determine the independent predictors of attempted suicide among transgender persons we interviewed 392 male-to-female (MTF) and 123 female-to-male (FTM) individuals. Participants were recruited through targeted sampling, respondent-driven sampling, and agency referrals in San Francisco. The prevalence of attempted suicide was 32% (95% CI = 28% to 36%). In multivariate logistic regression analysis younger age (<25 years), depression, a history of substance abuse treatment, a history of forced sex, gender-based discrimination, and gender-based victimization were independently associated with attempted suicide. Suicide prevention interventions for transgender persons are urgently needed, particularly for young people. Medical, mental health, and social service providers should address depression, substance abuse, and forced sex in an attempt to reduce suicidal behaviors among transgender persons. In addition, increasing societal acceptance of the transgender community and decreasing gender-based prejudice may help prevent suicide in this highly stigmatized population.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Gender-based discrimination independently predicts attempted suicide among TGD individuals.
“has been found to independently predict attempted suicide [19].”
From A Phenomenological Investigation into Cyberbullying as Experienced by People Identifying as Transgender or Gender Diverse (2022) · cites this paper as [19]
Gender-based discrimination has a range of negative psychosocial outcomes for TGD individuals.
“Gender-based discrimination has a range of negative psychosocial outcomes for TGD individuals and has been found to independently predict attempted suicide [19].”
From A Phenomenological Investigation into Cyberbullying as Experienced by People Identifying as Transgender or Gender Diverse (2022) · cites this paper as [19]
In many places, mental illness is stigmatized and stigma against transgender people is also highly prevalent, creating a 'double stigma' burden for this community.
“In many places, mental illness is stigmatized [129, 130] and stigma against transgender people is also highly prevalent [131, 132], creating a ‘double stigma’ burden for this community.”
From Mental, behavioral and neurodevelopmental disorders in the ICD-11: an international perspective on key changes and controversies (2020) · cites this paper as [131]
Cites
The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
Radloff, L. S. (1977) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662167700100306 · Cited by 53,267 · see citing works
(1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.27-3338 · Cited by 35,305 · see citing works
Society and the Adolescent Self-Image
Rosenberg, M. (1965) · doi:10.1515/9781400876136 · Cited by 30,126 · see citing works
(1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 5,872 · see citing works
Respondent-Driven Sampling: A New Approach to the Study of Hidden Populations
Heckathorn, D. D. (1997) · Social Problems · doi:10.2307/3096941 · Cited by 4,305 · see citing works
Minority Stress and Mental Health in Gay Men
Meyer, I. H. (1995) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2137286 · Cited by 4,264 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Because LGB individuals encounter a greater degree of discrimination and victimization compared with heterosexuals (D’Augelli, 1992; Herek, Gillis, & Cogan, 1999; Mays & Cochran, 2001), several investigators have hypothesized that pervasive societal prejudice underlies the elevated rates of LGB suicidal behaviors (Her…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialApplied Logistic Regression Analysis
Ziegel, E. R., & Menard, S. (1996) · Technometrics · doi:10.1080/00401706.1996.10484485 · Cited by 3,923 · see citing works
Assessing depressive symptoms in five psychiatric populations: a validation study.
Weissman, M., Sholomskas, D., Pottenger, M., Prusoff, B., & Locke, B. Z. (1977) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112455 · Cited by 2,232 · see citing works
Targeted Sampling: Options for the Study of Hidden Populations
Watters, J. K., & Biernacki, P. (1989) · Social Problems · doi:10.2307/800824 · Cited by 1,500 · see citing works
Mays, V. M., & Cochran, S. D. (2001) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.91.11.1869 · Cited by 1,452 · see citing works
(2001) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.91.6.927 · Cited by 1,060 · see citing works
Beyond the tower of Babel: A nomenclature for suicidology
O'Carroll, P. W., Berman, A. L., Maris, R. W., Moscicki, E. K., Tanney, B. L., & Silverman, M. M. (1996) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1943-278x.1996.tb00609.x · Cited by 982 · see citing works
Lombardi (2002) · doi:10.1300/j082v42n01_05 · Cited by 828 · see citing works
Clements-Nolle, K. D., Marx, R., Guzman, R., & Katz, M. H. (2001) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.91.6.915 · Cited by 776 · see citing works
Self-citationD’Augelli, A. R., Hershberger, S. L., & Pilkington, N. W. (1998) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/h0080345 · Cited by 642 · see citing works
Psychological sequelae of hate-crime victimization among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults.
Herek, G. M., Gillis, J. R., & Cogan, J. C. (1999) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.67.6.945 · Cited by 639 · see citing works
The relationship between suicide risk and sexual orientation: results of a population-based study.
Remafedi, G. J., French, S. A., Story, M., Resnick, M. D., & Blum, R. W. (1998) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.88.1.57 · Cited by 637 · see citing works
Hershberger, S. L., & D'Augelli, A. R. (1995) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.31.1.65 · Cited by 593 · see citing works
Hate crimes: confronting violence against lesbians and gay men
(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.30-0613 · Cited by 554 · see citing works
Respondent-Driven Sampling: A New Approach to the Study of Hidden Populations
Heckathorn, D. D. (1997) · Social Problems · doi:10.1525/sp.1997.44.2.03x0221m · Cited by 542 · see citing works
Psychological sequelae of hate-crime victimization among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults.
Herek, G. M., Gillis, J. R., & Cogan, J. C. (1999) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.67.6.945 · Cited by 524 · see citing works
Sexual Orientation and Risk of Suicide Attempts Among a Representative Sample of Youth
Garofalo, R., Wolf, R., Wissow, L. S., Woods, E. R., & Goodman, E. (1999) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.153.5.487 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Savin‐Williams, R. C. (1994) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.62.2.261 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
Risk Factors for Attempted Suicide in Gay and Bisexual Youth
Remafedi, G. J., Farrow, J. A., & Deisher, R. W. (1991) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.87.6.869 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Case-Finding Instruments for Depression in Primary Care Settings
Mulrow, C. D., Williams, J. W., Gerety, M. B., Ramirez, G., Montiel, O. M., & Kerber, C. (1995) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-122-12-199506150-00004 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Savin‐Williams, R. C. (1994) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.62.2.261 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Cochran, S. D., & Mays, V. M. (2000) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.90.4.573 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Safren, S. A., & Heimberg, R. G. (1999) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.67.6.859 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Aggression, substance use, and suicidal behaviors in high school students.
Garrison, C. Z., McKeown, R. E., Valois, R. F., & Vincent, M. L. (1993) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.83.2.179 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Correlates of same-sex sexual behavior in a random sample of Massachusetts high school students.
Faulkner, A. H., & Cranston, K. (1998) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.88.2.262 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Hate Crime Victimization Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adults
Herek, G. M., Gillis, J. R., Cogan, J. C., & Glunt, E. K. (1997) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/088626097012002003 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
The measurement of self-esteem: Refining our methods.
Demo, D. H. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.48.6.1490 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Suicidal Behavior
Mościcki, E. K. (1995) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1943-278x.1995.tb00390.x · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Suicide Attempts Among Gay and Bisexual Men: Lifetime Prevalence and Antecedents
Paul, J. P., Catania, J. A., Pollack, L. M., Moskowitz, J. T., Canchola, J. A., Mills, T., Binson, D., & Stall, R. D. (2002) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.92.8.1338 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Suicidality Patterns and Sexual Orientation‐Related Factors Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youths
D’Augelli, A. R., Hershberger, S. L., & Pilkington, N. W. (2001) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.31.3.250.24246 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Attempted suicide among young adults: progress toward a meaningful estimate of prevalence
Meehan, P., Lamb, J. A., Saltzman, L. E., & O’Carroll, P. W. (1992) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.149.1.41 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Sexual Orientation and Suicidality
Herrell, R. K., Goldberg, J., True, W. R., Ramakrishnan, V., Lyons, M. J., Eisen, S. A., & Tsuang, M. T. (1999) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.10.867 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Suicide attempts in the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study.
Mościcki, E. K., O’Carroll, P. W., Rae, D. S., Locke, B. Z., Roy, A., & Regier, D. A. (1988) · PubMed Central · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Lesbian and Gay Male Undergraduates' Experiences of Harassment and Fear on Campus
D’Augelli, A. R. (1992) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/088626092007003007 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
McDaniel, J. S., Purcell, D. W., & D’Augelli, A. R. (2001) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.31.1.5.84.24224 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Predictors of Suicide Attempts Among Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Youth
Hershberger, S. L., Pilkington, N. W., & D’Augelli, A. R. (1997) · Journal of Adolescent Research · doi:10.1177/0743554897124004 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Waldo, C. R., Hesson-McInnis, M. S., & D’Augelli, A. R. (1998) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1022184704174 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Suicide attempts among sexual-minority youths: Population and measurement issues.
Savin‐Williams, R. C. (2001) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.69.6.983 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Risk Factors for Suicide among Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Youths
Proctor, C. D., & Groze, V. K. (1994) · Social Work · doi:10.1093/sw/39.5.504 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Dimensionality of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale.
Goldsmith, R. E. (1986) · Journal of social behavior and personality · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Transgender Identity and Suicidality in a Nonclinical Sample
Mathy, R. M. (2003) · Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality · doi:10.1300/j056v14n04_03 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Strategies of suicide prevention: Focus on health care
Ríhmer, Z. (1996) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(96)00007-9 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Suicidality in a venue-based sample of young men who have sex with men*1
Remafedi, G. J. (2002) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/s1054-139x(02)00405-6 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Death by Denial: Studies of Suicide in Gay and Lesbian Teenagers.
Remafedi, G. J. (1994) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Documenting the Victimization of Lesbians and Gay Men
Herek, G. M., & Berrill, K. T. (1990) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/088626090005003005 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Introduction to Supplemental Issue: Research Issues in Suicide and Sexual Orientation
Mościcki, E. K., Muehrer, P. R., & Potter, L. B. (1995) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1943-278x.1995.tb00484.x · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Suicide Among Gay and Lesbian Adolescents and Young Adults
Kulkin, H. S., Chauvin, E. A., & Percle, G. A. (2000) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1300/j082v40n01_01 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Suicidal Behavior: Testing a Constructivist Model
McBee‐Strayer, S. M., & Rogers, J. R. (2002) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.32.3.272.22171 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Jesdale, B. M., & Zierler, S. (2002) · Journal of the Gay and Lesbian Medical Association · doi:10.1023/a:1021945506741 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hendricks, M. L., & Testa, R. J. (2012) · Professional Psychology: Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/a0029597 · Cited by 2,134 · see citing works
White Hughto, J. M., Reisner, S. L., & Pachankis, J. E. (2015) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.11.010 · Cited by 1,680 · see citing works
Stigma, Mental Health, and Resilience in an Online Sample of the US Transgender Population
Bockting, W. O., Miner, M. H., Swinburne Romine, R. E., Hamilton, A., & Coleman, E. (2013) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2013.301241 · Cited by 1,540 · see citing works
Development of the Gender Minority Stress and Resilience Measure.
Testa, R. J., Habarth, J., Peta, J., Balsam, K., & Bockting, W. (2015) · Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity · doi:10.1037/sgd0000081 · Cited by 1,406 · see citing works
for the HIV/AIDS Prevention Research Synthesis Team, Herbst, J. H., Jacobs, E. D., Finlayson, T. J., McKleroy, V. S., Neumann, M. S., & Crepaz, N. (2008) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-007-9299-3 · Cited by 933 · see citing works
Valentine, S. E., & Shipherd, J. C. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2018.03.003 · Cited by 699 · see citing works
Mental health and gender dysphoria: A review of the literature
Dhejne, C., Van Vlerken, R., Heylens, G., & Arcelus, J. (2016) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/09540261.2015.1115753 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Clark, T. C., Lucassen, M. F. G., Bullen, P., Denny, S. J., Fleming, T. M., Robinson, E. M., & Rossen, F. V. (2014) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.11.008 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
Reisner, S. L., Greytak, E. A., Parsons, J. T., & Ybarra, M. L. (2015) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2014.886321 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
Diemer, E. W., Grant, J. D., Munn-Chernoff, M. A., Patterson, D. A., & Duncan, A. E. (2015) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.03.003 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Suicidal ideation in transgender people: Gender minority stress and interpersonal theory factors.
Testa, R. J., Michaels, M. S., Bliss, W., Rogers, M. L., Balsam, K. F., & Joiner, T. (2017) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000234 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Nemoto, T., Bödeker, B., & Iwamoto, M. (2011) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2010.197285 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Cahill, S., Singal, R., Grasso, C., King, D., Mayer, K., Baker, K., & Makadon, H. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0107104 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
The cultural theory and model of suicide
Chu, J. P., Goldblum, P., Floyd, R., & Bongar, B. (2010) · Applied and Preventive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appsy.2011.11.001 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
The relationship between gender-based victimization and suicide attempts in transgender people.
Goldblum, P., Testa, R. J., Pflum, S., Hendricks, M. L., Bradford, J., & Bongar, B. (2012) · Professional Psychology: Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/a0029605 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Owen-Smith, A. A., Gerth, J., Sineath, R. C., Barzilay, J., Becerra-Culqui, T. A., Getahun, D., Giammattei, S., Hunkeler, E., Lash, T. L., Millman, A., et al. (2018) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.01.017 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Suicidality Disparities Between Transgender and Cisgender Adolescents
Thoma, B. C., Salk, R. H., Choukas-Bradley, S., Goldstein, T. R., Levine, M. D., & Marshal, M. P. (2019) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2019-1183 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
The social construction of gender and its influence on suicide: a review of the literature
Payne, S., Swami, V., & Stanistreet, D. L. (2008) · Journal of Men's Health · doi:10.1016/j.jomh.2007.11.002 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Reisner, S. L., Biello, K. B., White Hughto, J. M., Kuhns, L., Mayer, K. H., Garofalo, R., & Mimiaga, M. J. (2016) · JAMA Pediatrics · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.0067 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Budge, S. L., Rossman, H. K., & Howard, K. A. S. (2014) · Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling · doi:10.1080/15538605.2014.853641 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Minority stressors and psychological distress in transgender individuals.
Timmins, L., Rimes, K. A., & Rahman, Q. (2017) · Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity · doi:10.1037/sgd0000237 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Hate crimes against LGBT people: national crime victimization survey, 2017-2019
Flores, A. R., Stotzer, R. L., Meyer, I. H., & Langton, L. L. (2022) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0279363 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Evens, E., Lanham, M., Santi, K., Cooke, J., Ridgeway, K., Morales, G., Parker, C., Brennan, C., de Bruin, M., Desrosiers, P. C., et al. (2019) · BMC International Health and Human Rights · doi:10.1186/s12914-019-0187-5 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Examining the role of sex in self-injurious thoughts and behaviors
Fox, K. R., Millner, A. J., Mukerji, C. E., & Nock, M. K. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.09.009 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Disclosure of Sexual Assault Among Sexual and Gender Minorities: A Systematic Literature Review
Edwards, K. M., Mauer, V. A., Huff, M., Farquhar-Leicester, A., Sutton, T. E., & Ullman, S. E. (2023) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380211073842 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Glick, J. L., Theall, K. P., Andrinopoulos, K. M., & Kendall, C. (2018) · LGBT Health · doi:10.1089/lgbt.2017.0093 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
The link between mental health-related discrimination and suicidality: service user perspectives
Farrelly, S., Jeffery, D., Rüsch, N., Williams, P., Thornicroft, G., & Clement, S. (2015) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291714003158 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Logie, C. H., Wang, Y., Lacombe‐Duncan, A., Jones, N., Ahmed, U., Levermore, K., Neil, A., Ellis, T., Bryan, N., Marshall, A., et al. (2017) · Journal of the International AIDS Society · doi:10.7448/ias.20.01/21422 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“We found two-thirds of participants involved in any kind of sex work reported ever experiencing forced sex, consistent with prior literature among transgender women in Peru [2] and San Francisco [3,43].”
ResultMaple, M., Frey, L. M., McKay, K., Coker, S., & Grey, S. (2020) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2019.1658671 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Willging, C. E., Green, A. E., & Ramos, M. M. (2016) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-016-0507-2 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Bochicchio, L., Reeder, K., Aronson, L., McTavish, C., & Stefancic, A. (2021) · LGBT Health · doi:10.1089/lgbt.2019.0338 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Evelyn, S., Clancy, E. M., Klettke, B., & Tatnell, R. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19116560 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Innovations in research with transgender and gender nonconforming people and their communities.
dickey, L. M., Hendricks, M. L., & Bockting, W. O. (2016) · Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity · doi:10.1037/sgd0000158 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Experiencing Violence and Enacting Resilience: The Case Story of a Transgender Youth
DiFulvio, G. T. (2015) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801214545022 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Pinciotti, C. M., Nuñez, M., Riemann, B. C., & Bailey, B. E. (2022) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/jcpsy-d-20-00022 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Igarashi, Y., Staples, J., Vigil, S., Pero, G., Gardner, R., Thomat, A., & Abascal, L. (2022) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2022.03.005 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Ingram, M. V., Speedlin, S., Cannon, Y., Prado, A., & Avera, J. (2017) · Journal of Creativity in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15401383.2016.1248266 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Mandal, E., & Jakubowski, T. (2015) · Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy · doi:10.12740/app/58746 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Stein, D. J., Szatmari, P., Gaebel, W., Berk, M., Vieta, E., Maj, M., de Vries, Y. A., Roest, A. M., de Jonge, P., Maercker, A., et al. (2020) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-020-1495-2 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
- Authors
- Clements-Nolle, K., Marx, R., & Katz, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Nevada, Reno (US)
- San Francisco Department of Public Health (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Homosexuality
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2006-10-11
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 53-69
- ISSN
- 0091-8369 (ISSN-L)
- 1540-3602
- OpenAlex
- W1485687150
- Cited by
- 965
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 100 · 2020: 83 · 2019: 68 · 2018: 81 · 2017: 85 · 2016: 95 · 2015: 66 · 2014: 50 · 2013: 45 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 11.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Homosexuality (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Public Health Service (U62CCU902017-12)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
- Keywords
- suicide attempts, transgender people, depression, substance abuse, forced sex, gender discrimination, suicide prevention, youth, stigma, San Francisco
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Prejudice, Risk Factors, San Francisco, Sexual Behavior, Suicide, Attempted, Transsexualism, Prevalence, Risk Assessment, Crime Victims
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
