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Glutamate Neurotransmission in Rodent Models of Traumatic Brain Injury
Open accessAbstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability in people younger than 45 and is a significant public health concern. In addition to primary mechanical damage to cells and tissue, TBI involves additional molecular mechanisms of injury, termed secondary injury, that continue to evolve over hours, days, weeks, and beyond. The trajectory of recovery after TBI is highly unpredictable and in many cases results in chronic cognitive and behavioral changes. Acutely after TBI, there is an unregulated release of glutamate that cannot be buffered or cleared effectively, resulting in damaging levels of glutamate in the extracellular space. This initial loss of glutamate homeostasis may initiate additional changes in glutamate regulation. The excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) are expressed on both neurons and glia and are the principal mechanism for maintaining extracellular glutamate levels. Diffusion of glutamate outside the synapse due to impaired uptake may lead to increased extrasynaptic glutamate signaling, secondary injury through activation of cell death pathways, and loss of fidelity and specificity of synaptic transmission. Coordination of glutamate release and uptake is critical to regulating synaptic strength, long-term potentiation and depression, and cognitive processes. In this review, we will discuss dysregulation of extracellular glutamate and glutamate uptake in the acute stage of TBI and how failure to resolve acute disruptions in glutamate homeostatic mechanisms may play a causal role in chronic cognitive symptoms after TBI.
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“Secondary damage includes excitotoxicity (64), oxidative stress (65), and widespread neuroinflammation (63).”
From The Inflammatory Continuum of Traumatic Brain Injury and Alzheimer’s Disease (2018) · cites this paper as [64]
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Metabolic dysfunction contributes to mood disorders after traumatic brain injury
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“We examined the glutamate receptor subunit expression in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, as we have previously shown changes in glutamate signaling in the hippocampus and because of the now recognized importance of this neurotransmitter system in both TBI and depression [20,21,26].”
MethodSelf-citationIs Ketamine Suitable for Use in Glutamate Toxicity Conditions?: An In Vitro Study
Taghizadehghalehjoughi, A., & Naldan, M. E. (2019) · Journal of investigative surgery · doi:10.1080/08941939.2019.1582739 · Cited by 3
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“These secondary pathological events including excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, metabolic disturbances, and neuroinflammation are prominent within the cortex and contribute to delayed cellular damage and tissue degeneration (11–14).”
The neurobiological regulatory mechanism of brain edema
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“Moreover, the release of excitatory amino acids exacerbates neuronal excitability and cell death, leading to sustained neurological dysfunction (Dorsett et al., 2017).”
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“26,27 According to reports, the brain immediately enters a high metabolic state after TBI, during which glucose utilization increases for up to 30 minutes.”
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Sharma, K., Agrawal, D., & Gabrani, R. (2026) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/00207454.2026.2620698 · Cited by 1
“…this occurs when there is an excessive release of glutamate, a chemical messenger in the brain, leading to overactivation of neurons and disrupted calcium balance inside the cells. this imbalance can damage dendrites, parts of neurons that receive signals, further impairing brain function [43].”
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“…phagocytosis in the brain [59, 60] Isolation of neurotrophic and anti-inflammatory factors [49, 54] Compensatory enhancement of neurotransmission [61] Changing brain metabolism and transcriptomic profile [58] to the large size of the brain, insufficient knowledge of genomic and physiological…”
Montivero, A., Ghersi, M., Catalan, J., Formica, M. L., Camacho, N., Culasso, A. F., Hereñú, C. B., Palma, S. D., & Pérez, M. F. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-61721-9_20 · Cited by 1
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Iannucci, J., Sentmanat, A., Dickerson, K., Obaid, M., Bandopadhyay, S., Houghton, A., Arisi, G. M., & Shapiro, L. A. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27209127
“TBI can alter the expression and function of glutamate transporters, including GLAST and GLT-1 in rodents [125].”
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Qi, P.-F., Sun, Z.-R., & Yin, H.-N. (2026) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2026.1951251
“…activates 10.3389/fnagi.2026.1951251 Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience 03 frontiersin.org postsynaptic ionotropic and metabolic receptors; this excessive stimulation mediates excitatory neurotransmission by causing harmful neuronal calcium overload (Dorsett et al., 2017; Greenamyre and Porter, 1994).”
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“…alterations of glutamate uptake and release, as well as changes in the volume of the extracellular space; although neuronal non-synaptic glutamate release and disturbances of the blood–brain barrier can also be involved (Kimelberg, 2005; Song and Yu, 2014; Dorsett et al., 2017; Frank et al., 2026).”
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“32,33 In traumatic brain injury (TBI), there is unregulated release of glutamate from neurons, which can produce neurotoxicity and cytotoxic edema, 34 and elevated glutamate levels can persist in cerebrospinal fluid for up to 1 week.”
OmicGlaze: Spatial Multi-Omic Mapping of Traumatic Brain InjuryPreprint
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“Slc1a2 encodes Glt-1, which is responsible for clearing the neurotransmitter glutamate from the extracellular spaces in the brain and central nervous system [35], and this regulation is known to be disrupted following TBI, leading to secondary injury processes [36].”
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“Despite these findings, long-term injury-driven glutamatergic changes have not been well characterized, and the sex-specific differences potentially influencing glutamatergic dysregulation post-TBI have been particularly understudied [15,16].”
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Živković, M., Žujić, D., & Mihaljević-Peleš, A. (2024) · Socijalna psihijatrija · doi:10.24869/spsih.2024.151
“Isto se tako trauma i ishemija te upale središ-njeg živčanog sustava navode kao potencijalni uzroci (29).”
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“Several neuroprotective agents are developed to target glutamate excitotoxicity [11], [12], [13], [14].”
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Research Progress of Excitatory Amino Acids and Ischemic Stroke
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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Sport-Related Concussions
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Traumatic Brain Injury and Cognition
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Metadata
- Authors
- Dorsett, C. R., McGuire, J. L., DePasquale, E. A. K., Gardner, A. E., Floyd, C. L., & McCullumsmith, R. E.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- University of Cincinnati (US)
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
- Corresponding author
- McCullumsmith, Robert E.
- Venue
- Journal of Neurotrauma
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2017-01
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 263-272
- ISSN
- 0897-7151 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-9042
- PMC
- PMC5220558
- OpenAlex
- W2494112084
- Cited by
- 163
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 6
- FWCI
- 1.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Neurotrauma (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH094445, R01MH107487)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS075162)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- traumatic brain injury, glutamatergic neurotransmission, glutamate transporters, glutamate homeostasis, secondary injury, excitotoxicity, synaptic transmission, long-term potentiation and depression, rodent models
- MeSH terms
- Brain Injuries, Traumatic, Animals, Disease Models, Animal, Humans, Synaptic Transmission, Neuroglia, Rodentia, Synapses, Signal Transduction, Glutamic Acid, Glutamate Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins, Mice, Rats
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