Mechanical strain injury increases intracellular sodium and reverses Na+/Ca2+ exchange in cortical astrocytes

Floyd, Candace L.; Gorin, Fredric A.; Lyeth, Bruce G.

doi:10.1002/glia.20183

Cited by 121Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular DisturbancesTraumatic Brain Injury ResearchIon Transport and Channel Regulation

Mechanical strain injury increases intracellular sodium and reverses Na+/Ca2+ exchange in cortical astrocytes

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Floyd, Candace L., Gorin, Fredric A., Lyeth, Bruce G.·2005·Glia

DOI 10.1002/glia.20183PMC PMC2996279

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Abstract

Traditionally, astrocytes have been considered less susceptible to injury than neurons. Yet, we have recently shown that astrocyte death precedes neuronal death in a rat model of traumatic brain injury (TBI) (Zhao et al.: Glia 44:140-152, 2003). A main mechanism hypothesized to contribute to cellular injury and death after TBI is elevated intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i). Since calcium regulation is also influenced by regulation of intracellular sodium ([Na+]i), we used an in vitro model of strain-induced traumatic injury and live-cell fluorescent digital imaging to investigate alterations in [Na+]i in cortical astrocytes after injury. Changes in [Na+]i, or [Ca2+]i were monitored after mechanical injury or L-glutamate exposure by ratiometric imaging of sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate (SBFI-AM), or Fura-2-AM, respectively. Mechanical strain injury or exogenous glutamate application produced increases in [Na+]i that were dependent on the severity of injury or concentration. Injury-induced increases in [Na+]i were significantly reduced, but not completely eliminated, by inhibition of glutamate uptake by DL-threo-beta-benzyloxyaspartate (TBOA). Blockade of sodium-dependent calcium influx through the sodium-calcium exchanger with 2-[2-[4-(4-Nitrobenzyloxy)phenyl]ethyl]isothiourea mesylate (KB-R7943) reduced [Ca2+]i after injury. KB-R7943 also reduced astrocyte death after injury. These findings suggest that in astrocytes subjected to mechanical injury or glutamate excitotoxicity, increases in intracellular Na+ may be a critical component in the injury cascade and a therapeutic target for reduction of lasting deficits after traumatic brain injury.

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The second stages of the pathophysiological cascade are characterized by terminal membrane depolarization accompanied by excessive release of excitatory neurotransmitters, activation of NMDA, and voltage-dependent channel opening.
“The second stages of the pathophysiological cascade are characterized by terminal membrane depolarization accompanied by excessive release of excitatory neurotransmitters (excitotoxicity) such as glutamate and aspartate, activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate, and voltage-dependent channel opening (Na ϩ , K ϩ , Ca 2ϩ ) (97, 121-123).”
From Pituitary Dysfunction After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Clinical and Pathophysiological Approach (2015) · cites this paper as [121]

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Hansson, E., Blomstrand, F., Khatibi, S., Olsson, T., & Rönnbäck, L. (1997) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-6837-0_45 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Electrophysiological Studies of the Cloned Rat Cardiac NCX1.1 in Transfected HEK Cells
Dong, H., Dunn, J., & Lytton, J. (2002) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04737.x · Cited by 7 · see citing works
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Nolte (2001) · doi:10.1002/1098-1136(20010101)33:1
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Pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury
Werner, C., & Engelhard, K. (2007) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1093/bja/aem131 · Cited by 1,712 · see citing works
Astrocyte roles in traumatic brain injury
Burda, J. E., Bernstein, A. M., & Sofroniew, M. V. (2015) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.03.020 · Cited by 758 · see citing works
“…as non-traditional, stretch-sensitive cation channels such as N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptors and “BK” potassium channels, which may all contribute to the rapid influx of extracellular calcium and sodium observed in physically stressed astrocytes (Rzigalinski et al., 1997; Floyd et al., 2005).”
Background
Recent Advances in Pathophysiology of Traumatic Brain Injury
Kaur, P., & Sharma, S. (2017) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x15666170613083606 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
Anterior and middle cranial fossa in traumatic brain injury: Relevant neuroanatomy and neuropathology in the study of neuropsychological outcome.
Bigler, E. D. (2007) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.21.5.515 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Traumatic Brain Injury Pathophysiology and Treatments: Early, Intermediate, and Late Phases Post-Injury
Algattas, H., & Huang, J. H. (2013) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms15010309 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
In Vitro Models of Traumatic Brain Injury
Morrison, B., Elkin, B. S., Dollé, J.-P., & Yarmush, M. L. (2011) · Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071910-124706 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
“, calcium uptake), KB-R7943, blocked posttraumatic calcium increase and reduced cell death after moderate and severe biaxial stretch of astrocytes (121).”
Background
Pituitary Dysfunction After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Clinical and Pathophysiological Approach
Tanriverdi, F., Schneider, H. J., Aimaretti, G., Masel, B. E., Casanueva, F. F., & Kelestimur, F. (2015) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2014-1065 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
A Review of the Molecular Mechanisms of Traumatic Brain Injury
Ladak, A. A., Enam, S. A., & Ibrahim, M. (2019) · World Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2019.07.039 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Strain rate-dependent induction of reactive astrogliosis and cell death in three-dimensional neuronal-astrocytic co-cultures.
Cullen, D., Simon, C. M., & LaPlaca, M. (2007) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2007.04.070 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
“…or disruptions in the plasma membrane may result in the release of glutamate and ATP, which have been shown to induce astrogliosis through receptor binding and subsequent initiation of signaling pathways (Franke et al., 1999; Ahmed et al., 2000; Floyd et al., 2001, 2004; Neary et al., 2003, 2006).”
Background
Primary Cultures of Astrocytes: Their Value in Understanding Astrocytes in Health and Disease
Lange, S. C., Bak, L. K., Waagepetersen, H. S., Schousboe, A., & Norenberg, M. D. (2012) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-012-0868-0 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
“[192], reported increased activity of the Na/Ca exchanger (NCX), an ion-transporter involved in Na and Ca homeostasis.”
How do astrocytes shape synaptic transmission? Insights from electrophysiology
Dallérac, G. M., Chever, O., & Rouach, N. (2013) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2013.00159 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
“…to our knowledge although baseline astrocytic Ca2+ concentrations have been shown to lie around 50–100 nM using ratiometric Ca2+ indicators (Grimaldi et al., 2001; Floyd et al., 2005), no investigation as yet quantitatively reported the extent of Ca2+ rise following evoked synaptic transmission.”
Background
Biomechanics of Traumatic Brain Injury: Influences of the Morphologic Heterogeneities of the Cerebral Cortex
Cloots, R. J. H., Gervaise, H. M. T., van Dommelen, J. A. W., & Geers, M. G. D. (2008) · Annals of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10439-008-9510-3 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Glutamate neurotransmission in rodent models of traumatic brain injury
Dorsett, C. R., McGuire, J. L., DePasquale, E. A. K., Gardner, A. E., Floyd, C. L., & McCullumsmith, R. E. (2017) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2015.4373 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Self-citation
SUR1‐TRPM4 and AQP4 form a heteromultimeric complex that amplifies ion/water osmotic coupling and drives astrocyte swelling
Stokum, J. A., Kwon, M. S., Woo, S. K., Tsymbalyuk, O., Vennekens, R., Gerzanich, V., & Simard, J. M. (2017) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.23231 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Multi-scale mechanics of traumatic brain injury: predicting axonal strains from head loads
Cloots, R., van Dommelen, J. V., Kleiven, S., & Geers, M. (2012) · Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology · doi:10.1007/s10237-012-0387-6 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
“…as several studies concerning TBI have shown that tissue strains lead to injury at a cellular level (e.g., Bain et al. 2001; Engel et al. 2005; Floyd et al. 2005; Morrison III et al. 2006; Cater et al. 2006; Elkin et al. 2007), whereby the microstructural heterogeneities at the cellular level…”
In-Vitro Approaches for Studying Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury
Chen, Y. C., Smith, D. H., & Meaney, D. F. (2009) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2008.0645 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
“…shown that mechanical injury leadsto changesinvolume-activated ionchannelswithin astrocytes (Di et al., 2000), alterations in intracellular sodium (Floyd et al., 2005), production of endothelin-1 to inﬂuence vascular tone (Ostrow et al., 2000), and a potential crossover inﬂuence on the N-methyl-d…”
Perspectives on Molecular Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Strategies in Traumatic Brain Injury
Arent, A. M., de Souza, L. F. D., Walz, R., & Dafre, A. (2014) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2014/723060 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Mechanosensation in traumatic brain injury
Keating, C. E., & Cullen, D. K. (2020) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105210 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“The gating of NMDA receptors (NMDAR) is also mechanosensitive, possibly via interactions with the cytoskeleton and/or membrane lipids (Johnson et al., 2019; Maneshi et al., 2017).”
BackgroundInfluential
On the special role of NCX in astrocytes: Translating Na+-transients into intracellular Ca2+ signals
Rose, C. R., Ziemens, D., & Verkhratsky, A. (2019) · Cell Calcium · doi:10.1016/j.ceca.2019.102154 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
The central role of the brain aldosterone–“ouabain” pathway in salt-sensitive hypertension
Leenen, F. H. H. (2010) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.03.004 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Endocannabinoids: A Promising Impact for Traumatic Brain Injury
Schurman, L. D., & Lichtman, A. H. (2017) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2017.00069 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“The shearing and tearing forces of TBI and subsequent secondary injury cascades produce changes in cell architecture, extracellular matrices, and the balance of fluid homeostasis, that impair neuronal function often both in a focal and/or diffuse manner throughout the brain (Gaetz, 2004).”
Background
Membrane trauma and Na+leak from Nav1.6 channels
Wang, J. A., Lin, W., Morris, T. J., Banderali, U., Juranka, P. F., & Morris, C. E. (2009) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00505.2008 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“Similarly traumatized glial cells show a comparable unidentified fraction of trauma-induced Na entry (18).”
Background
Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel Antagonists and Traumatic Brain Injury
Gurkoff, G. G., Shahlaie, K., Lyeth, B. G., & Berman, R. F. (2013) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph6070788 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citation
Maternal inflammation leads to impaired glutamate homeostasis and up-regulation of glutamate carboxypeptidase II in activated microglia in the fetal/newborn rabbit brain
Zhang, Z., Bassam, B., Thomas, A. G., Williams, M., Liu, J., Nance, E., Rojas, C., Slusher, B. S., & Kannan, S. (2016) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2016.06.010 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“pathological conditions, excessive extracellular glutamate causes over-activation of NMDARs, which results in neuronal damage (Choi, 1992) and initiates astrocyte pathology (Floyd et al., 2005).”
Astroglia: Important mediators of traumatic brain injury
Floyd, C. L., & Lyeth, B. G. (2007) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(06)61005-4 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citation
Voltage‐gated sodium channel Nav1.5 contributes to astrogliosis in an in vitro model of glial injury via reverse Na+/Ca2+ exchange
Pappalardo, L. W., Samad, O. A., Black, J. A., & Waxman, S. G. (2014) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.22671 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“Furthermore, it has been shown that mechanical strain injury increases intracellular sodium and leads to reversal of NCX in cortical astrocytes (Floyd et al., 2005).”
Background
Sodium channels in astroglia and microglia
Pappalardo, L. W., Black, J. A., & Waxman, S. G. (2016) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.22967 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“Indeed, mechanical strain injury increases intracellular sodium, leading to NCX operating in reverse mode in cortical astrocytes (Floyd et al., 2005).”
Background
Cognitive Impairments Accompanying Rodent Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Involve p53-Dependent Neuronal Cell Death and Are Ameliorated by the Tetrahydrobenzothiazole PFT-α
Rachmany, L., Tweedie, D., Rubovitch, V., Yu, Q.-S., Li, Y., Wang, J., Pick, C. G., & Greig, N. H. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079837 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“As TBI is associated with a massive release of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters, particularly glutamate [36] whose extracellular availability detrimentally impacts neurons and astrocytes and results in over-stimulation of ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors inducing successive Ca2+, Na+, and K+-flux…”
Background
The role of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) in neurons following ischaemia
Jeffs, G. J., Meloni, B. P., Bakker, A. J., & Knuckey, N. W. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2006.07.013 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Role of Na+-K+-Cl− cotransport and Na+/Ca2+ exchange in mitochondrial dysfunction in astrocytes following in vitro ischemia
Kintner, D. B., Luo, J., Gerdts, J., Ballard, A. J., Shull, G. E., & Sun, D. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00412.2006 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Reverse NCX Attenuates Cellular Sodium Loading in Metabolically Compromised Cortex
Gerkau, N. J., Rakers, C., Durry, S., Petzold, G. C., & Rose, C. R. (2017) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhx280 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Mechanobiology of the blood-brain barrier during development, disease and ageing
Konig, S., Jayarajan, V., Wray, S., Kamm, R. D., & Moeendarbary, E. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-61888-7 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
The Role of Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger Subtypes in Neuronal Ischemic Injury
Shenoda, B. B. (2015) · Translational Stroke Research · doi:10.1007/s12975-015-0395-9 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“The same compound was also found to be neuroprotective by reducing Cai loads [67].”
Glial Na+‐dependent ion transporters in pathophysiological conditions
Boscia, F., Begum, G., Pignataro, G., Sirabella, R., Cuomo, O., Casamassa, A., Sun, D., & Annunziato, L. (2016) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.23030 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Mechanical stimulation of cultured astroglia, which is an in vitro model to study astrocyte activation and astrogliosis, promotes a prolonged increase in [Na1]i and leads to reversal of NCX (Floyd et al., 2005; Reyes et al., 2012).”
Background
A neuroglia-based interpretation of glaucomatous neuroretinal rim thinning in the optic nerve head
Lee, E. J., Han, J. C., Park, D. Y., & Kee, C. (2020) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100840 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Astrocytes Mediate Protective Actions of Estrogenic Compounds after Traumatic Brain Injury
Martín-Jiménez, C., Gaitán-Vaca, D. M., Mazo, N. A., Echeverrı́a, V., Ashraf, G. M., González, J., Sahebkar, A., García‐Segura, L. M., & Barreto, G. E. (2018) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000495078 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Drug development in targeting ion channels for brain edema
Luo, Z., Ovcjak, A., Wong, R., Yang, B., Feng, Z., & Sun, H. (2020) · Acta Pharmacologica Sinica · doi:10.1038/s41401-020-00503-5 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Pioglitazone Therapy and Fractures: Systematic Review and Meta- Analysis
Pavlova, V., Filipova, E. P., Uzunova, K. H., Kalinov, K., & Vekov, T. Y. (2018) · Endocrine Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871530318666180423121833 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Role of Astrocytes in Post-traumatic Epilepsy
Xu, S., Sun, Q., Fan, J., Jiang, Y., Yang, W., Cui, Y., Yu, Z., Jiang, H., & Li, B. (2019) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.01149 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“This excess in extracellular glutamate results in overstimulation of glutamate receptors with consecutive Ca2+, Na, and K fluxes (36, 37).”
Background
Guilty Molecules, Guilty Minds? The Conflicting Roles of the Innate Immune Response to Traumatic Brain Injury
Hellewell, S., & Morganti-Kossmann, M. (2012) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2012/356494 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“At the time of the primary TBI, mechanical damage to the brain results in the activation of a multitude of pathways, including (but not limited to) excitotoxicity and oxidative stress, influx of Ca and Na+, and efflux of K+ [34–36].”
Background
Can Mesenchymal Stem Cells Act Multipotential in Traumatic Brain Injury?
Dehghanian, F., Soltani, Z., & Khaksari, M. (2020) · Journal of Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s12031-019-01475-w · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Neuronal depolarization causes an increase in glutamate release (Floyd et al. 2005), and a reduction in its removal from the extracellular space led to accumulation of calcium ions within the cell via different pathways (Szydlowska and Tymianski 2010).”
Background
Dual inhibition of sodium-mediated proton and calcium efflux triggers non-apoptotic cell death in malignant gliomas
Harley, W. R., Floyd, C. L., Dunn, T. N., Zhang, X.-D., Chen, T., Hegde, M., Palandoken, H., Nantz, M. H., Leon, L. J., Carraway, K. L., et al. (2010) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.09.059 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Primary rat astrocytes were isolated from the cerebral cortices of neonatal Sprague Dawley rats (1 2 days old) as described in detail elsewhere (Floyd et al., 2005).”
InfluentialSelf-citation
The Glial Cells Respond to Spinal Cord Injury
Wang, R., Zhou, R., Chen, Z., Gao, S., & Zhou, F. (2022) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.844497 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
A Concerted Role of Na + —K + —Cl − Cotransporter and Na + /Ca 2+ Exchanger in Ischemic Damage
Luo, J., Wang, Y., Chen, H., Kintner, D. B., Cramer, S. W., Gerdts, J., Chen, X., Shull, G. E., Philipson, K. D., & Sun, D. (2007) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600561 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Increase in intracellular Np and subsequent induction of NCX rev have also been found in mechanical strain injury of astrocytes (”
Background
Antagonism of Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors and PLC Attenuates Increases in Inositol Trisphosphate and Reduces Reactive Gliosis in Strain-Injured Astrocytes
Floyd, C. L., Rzigalinski, B. A., Sitterding, H. A., Willoughby, K. A., & Ellis, E. F. (2004) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/089771504322778668 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citation
Differential Hippocampal Protection when Blocking Intracellular Sodium and Calcium Entry during Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats
Zhao, X., Gorin, F. A., Berman, R. F., & Lyeth, B. G. (2008) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2008.0635 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Recent in vitro studies demonstrate that moderate to severe mechanical injury or excitotoxic glutamate application (1 mM) to astrocyte cultures produces elevations in [Na ]i that are sufficient to cause reversal of NCX (Floyd et al., 2005).”
InfluentialSelf-citation
A Molecular Perspective on Understanding and Modulating the Performance of Chronic Central Nervous System (CNS) Recording Electrodes
He, W. J., & Bellamkonda, R. V. (2007) · Frontiers in neuroengineering series/Frontiers in neuroengineering · doi:10.1201/9781420009309.pt4 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Protein Citrullination: A Proposed Mechanism for Pathology in Traumatic Brain Injury
Lazarus, R. C., Buonora, J. E., Flora, M. N., Freedy, J. G., Holstein, G. R., Martinelli, G. P., Jacobowitz, D. M., & Mueller, G. P. (2015) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2015.00204 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Furthermore, astrocytes selectively display long-term defects in calcium signaling following TBI (30) and ultimately, astrocytic death precedes that of neurons in rat models of TBI (25).”
Linking impact to cellular and molecular sequelae of CNS injury: Modeling in vivo complexity with in vitro simplicity
Spaethling, J. M., Geddes‐Klein, D. M., Miller, W. J., von Reyn, C. R., Singh, P. K., Mesfin, M. N., Bernstein, S. J., & Meaney, D. F. (2007) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(06)61003-0 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Changes in intracellular sodium occur in parallel with these calcium changes and are linked with glutamate uptake in astrocytes, but may also be loosely coupled to intracellular calcium changes through changes in the sodium calcium exchanger (Floyd et al., 2005).”
Background
The role of membrane ion transport proteins in cerebral ischemic damage
Douglas, B. K. (2006) · Frontiers in bioscience · doi:10.2741/2099 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Natural Compounds as a Therapeutic Intervention following Traumatic Brain Injury: The Role of Phytochemicals
Scheff, S. W., & Ansari, M. A. (2016) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2016.4718 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“TBI is associated with a massive release of amino acids, particularly glutamic acid, which affects neurons and astrocytes, resulting in overstimulation of ionotropic and metabotropic receptors.(6,7) This condition triggers excitotoxicity events, catabolic processes, and a cellular attempt to compensate with ionic grad…”
Background
Sodium pumps, ouabain and aldosterone in the brain: A neuromodulatory pathway underlying salt-sensitive hypertension and heart failure
Leenen, F. H. H., Wang, H., & Hamlyn, J. M. (2019) · Cell Calcium · doi:10.1016/j.ceca.2019.102151 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Group I Metabotropic Receptor Antagonism Blocks Depletion of Calcium Stores and Reduces Potentiated Capacitative Calcium Entry in Strain-Injured Neurons and Astrocytes
Chen, T., Willoughby, K. A., & Ellis, E. F. (2004) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/089771504322972068 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Sodium Fluxes and Astroglial Function
Verkhratsky, A., Noda, M., Parpura, V., & Kirischuk, S. (2012) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4756-6_25 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
In vitro mechanical strain trauma alters neuronal calcium responses: Implications for posttraumatic epilepsy
Gurkoff, G. G., Shahlaie, K., & Lyeth, B. G. (2012) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03475.x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Consistent with previous reports, increasing the magnitude of mechanical strain trauma to cultured brain cells produced significant increases in both neuronal and glial cell death (Weber et al., 1999; Floyd et al., 2005).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citation
Astrocyte Mechano-Activation by High-Rate Overpressure Involves Alterations in Structural and Junctional Proteins
Hlavac, N., & VandeVord, P. J. (2019) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.00099 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“This coincides with evidence suggesting astrocytes are responsive to isolated mechanical insult (54, 55).”
Background
The neuroprotective potential of phytochemicals in traumatic brain injury: mechanistic insights and pharmacological implications
Hasan, G. M., Anwar, S., Shamsi, A., Sohal, S. S., & Hassan, M. I. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1330098 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Elevated glutamate levels can play a role in promoting cytotoxic edema by raising intracellular sodium levels and facilitating the movement of water into the cells, subsequently increasing the volume of intracellular ﬂ uid (Duvdevani et al., 1995; Floyd et al, 2005; Yi and Hazell, 2006).”
Background
The protection effect and mechanism of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in rat brain with traumatic injury
Xing, P., Ma, K., Li, L., Wang, D., Hu, G., & Long, W. (2018) · Acta Cirúrgica Brasileira · doi:10.1590/s0102-865020180040000006 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Examining the role of astrogliosis and JNK signaling in post-traumatic epilepsy
Small, C. N., Dagra, A., Martinez, M., Williams, E., & Lucke-Wold, B. P. (2022) · The Egyptian Journal of Neurosurgery : the official publication of the Egyptian Society of Neurological Surgeons/Egyptian journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.1186/s41984-021-00141-x · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Once these damages occur, intracellular ions are released and an acute inflammatory response triggers an interplay of cell signaling pathways to incite astrocyte migration to the area of injury and subsequent proliferation [10, 14, 23, 24].”
Background
Effects of repetitive low‐pressure explosive blast on primary neurons and mixed cultures
Zander, N. E., Piehler, T. N., Banton, R. J., & Benjamin, R. A. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.23786 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Floyd et al. (2005) observed similar phenomena in an astrocyte stretch injury model.”
Background
Ion transporters and ischemic mitochondrial dysfunction
Liu, Y., Liu, X., & Sun, D. (2009) · Cell Adhesion & Migration · doi:10.4161/cam.3.1.7516 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Sodium and Potassium Relating to Parkinson’s Disease and Traumatic Brain Injury
Ha, Y., Jeong, J. A., Kim, Y., & Churchill, D. G. (2016) · Metal ions in life sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-21756-7_16 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Intracellular Na+ inhibits volume‐regulated anion channel in rat cortical astrocytes
Minieri, L., Pivoňková, H., Harantová, L., Anděrová, M., & Ferroni, S. (2014) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.12962 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Neuroprotective Effect of KB-R7943 Against Glutamate Excitotoxicity is Related to Mild Mitochondrial Depolarization
Storozhevykh, T. P., Senilova, Y. E., Brustovetsky, T., Pinelis, V. G., & Brustovetsky, N. (2009) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-009-0058-x · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger 3 Is Functionally Coupled With the NaV1.6 Voltage-Gated Channel and Promotes an Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ Refilling in a Transgenic Model of Alzheimer’s Disease
Piccialli, I., Ciccone, R., Secondo, A., Boscia, F., Tedeschi, V., de Rosa, V., Cepparulo, P., Annunziato, L., & Pannaccione, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.775271 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Ca entry following NCX reversal has been implicated in a variety of pathophysiological conditions (Czyz and Kiedrowski, 2002; Floyd et al., 2005; Andrikopoulos et al., 2015; Gerkau et al., 2017; Brazhe et al., 2018; Secondo et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluential
Epileptogenesis following experimentally induced traumatic brain injury – a systematic review
Chandel, S., Gupta, S., & Medhi, B. (2015) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2015-0050 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“This results in overstimulation of ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors, increasing Ca2+, Na+, and, K+ influxes (Floyd et al., 2005).”
Background
Insights on the Multifaceted Roles of Wild-Type and Mutated Superoxide Dismutase 1 in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Pathogenesis
Rubino, V., Rosa, G. L., Pipicelli, L., Carriero, F., Damiano, S., Santillo, M., Terrazzano, G., Ruggiero, G., & Mondola, P. (2023) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox12091747 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Accumulation of Ca2+ in neurons, with consequent activation of Ca-dependent pathways, has been largely associated with cell death [104].”
Background
Dopamine-induced graded intracellular Ca2+ elevation via the Na+Ca2+ exchanger operating in the Ca2+-entry mode in cockroach salivary ducts
Hille, C., & Walz, B. (2006) · Cell Calcium · doi:10.1016/j.ceca.2005.11.006 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Effects of 17β-estradiol on intracellular calcium changes and neuronal survival after mechanical strain injury in neuronal–glial cultures
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“Mechanical strain injury was produced using the Model 94A Cell Injury System (Bioengineering Facility, BA Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, VA) as described in previous studies (Ellis et al., 1995; Floyd et al., 2005).”
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Authors: Floyd, C. L., Gorin, F. A., & Lyeth, B. G.
Affiliations: University of California, Davis (US)
Corresponding author: Lyeth, Bruce G.
ORCID: Floyd, Candace L.
Lyeth, Bruce G.
Venue: Glia
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2005-03-18
Volume: 51
Issue: 1
Pages: 35-46
ISSN: 0894-1491 (ISSN-L)
1098-1136
DOI: 10.1002/glia.20183
PMC: PMC2996279
OpenAlex: W2015419726
Cited by: 121
References: 86
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 6
FWCI: 3.46
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Glia (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r01ns040489-06)
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS045136, F32NS043085, NS45136, NS 40489, NS29995, R01-NS040489, R01NS029995, NS 43085)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Ion Transport and Channel Regulation
Keywords: traumatic brain injury, astrocytes, intracellular sodium, Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, intracellular calcium, glutamate excitotoxicity, astrocyte death, TBOA, KB-R7943, Fura-2/AM, cortical astrocytes
MeSH terms: Animals, Astrocytes, Biological Transport, Active, Calibration, Cells, Cultured, Fluorescent Dyes, Intracellular Fluid, Microscopy, Fluorescence, Sodium, Stress, Mechanical, Cell Death, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Glutamic Acid, Sodium-Calcium Exchanger, Rats

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Mechanical strain injury increases intracellular sodium and reverses Na+/Ca2+ exchange in cortical astrocytes

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