Development of a Full-Thickness Human Skin Equivalent In Vitro Model Derived from TERT-Immortalized Keratinocytes and Fibroblasts
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Currently, human skin equivalents (HSEs) used for in vitro assays (e.g., for wound healing) make use of primary human skin cells. Limitations of primary keratinocytes and fibroblasts include availability of donor skin and donor variation. The use of physiologically relevant cell lines could solve these limitations. The aim was to develop a fully differentiated HSE constructed entirely from human skin cell lines, which could be applied for in vitro wound-healing assays. Skin equivalents were constructed from human TERT-immortalized keratinocytes and fibroblasts (TERT-HSE) and compared with native skin and primary HSEs. HSEs were characterized by hematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemical stainings with markers for epidermal proliferation and differentiation, basement membrane (BM), fibroblasts, and the extracellular matrix (ECM). Ultrastructure was determined with electron microscopy. To test the functionality of the TERT-HSE, burn and cold injuries were applied, followed by immunohistochemical stainings, measurement of reepithelialization, and determination of secreted wound-healing mediators. The TERT-HSE was composed of a fully differentiated epidermis and a fibroblast-populated dermis comparable to native skin and primary HSE. The epidermis consisted of proliferating keratinocytes within the basal layer, followed by multiple spinous layers, a granular layer, and cornified layers. Within the TERT-HSE, the membrane junctions such as corneosomes, desmosomes, and hemidesmosomes were well developed as shown by ultrastructure pictures. Furthermore, the BM consisted of a lamina lucida and lamina densa comparable to native skin. The dermal matrix of the TERT-HSE was more similar to native skin than the primary construct, since collagen III, an ECM marker, was present in TERT-HSEs and absent in primary HSEs. After wounding, the TERT-HSE was able to reepithelialize and secrete inflammatory wound-healing mediators. In conclusion, the novel TERT-HSE, constructed entirely from human cell lines, provides an excellent opportunity to study in vitro skin biology and can also be used for drug targeting and testing new therapeutics, and ultimately, for incorporating into skin-on-a chip in the future.
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The expansion of aHSEs enhances the application of OTC models for investigating therapeutic techniques, particularly in mimicking inflammatory skin diseases like psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, and in studying skin-related bacterial adhesion and infection.
“This expansion enhances the application of OTC models for investigating potential therapeutic techniques [18,60], particularly in mimicking inflammatory skin diseases like psoriasis and atopic dermatitis [59], while also studying skin-related bacterial adhesion and infection [22,45].”
From Diversity of human skin three-dimensional organotypic cultures (2024) · cites this paper as [45]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredConventional primary cell-based HSEs have transitioned to more standardized and reproducible in vitro culture models using immortalized cell lines or hiPSC-derived cells.
“Furthermore, in response to challenges associated with donor variability, conventional primary cell-based HSEs have transitioned to more standardized and reproducible in vitro culture models. These models utilize either immortalized cell lines [45] or cells derived from hiPSCs [17].”
From Diversity of human skin three-dimensional organotypic cultures (2024) · cites this paper as [45]
HSEs can be completely submerged in medium for multiple days prior to raising them to an air-liquid interface to promote stratification, generated with immortalized keratinocyte cell lines, or seeded onto collagen layers.
“HSEs can be completely submerged in medium for multiple days prior to raising them to an air-liquid interface to promote stratification,75 generated with immortalized keratinocyte cell lines,76 or seeded onto collagen layers.77”
From Single-cell transcriptomics of human-skin-equivalent organoids (2023) · cites this paper as [76]
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- Authors
- Reijnders, C. M. A., van Lier, A., Roffel, S., Kramer, D., Scheper, R. J., & Gibbs, S.
- Affiliations
- Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Department of Dermatology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Gibbs, Susan
- Venue
- Tissue Engineering Part A
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2015-09
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 17-18
- Pages
- 2448-2459
- ISSN
- 1937-3341 (ISSN-L)
- 1937-335X
- PMC
- PMC4554934
- OpenAlex
- W1924256936
- Cited by
- 147
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 8
- FWCI
- 11.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Tissue Engineering Part A (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- ZonMw (91111.006, 40-42600-98-010, 91111)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Wound Healing and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Skin and Cellular Biology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
- Keywords
- human skin equivalents, wound healing, re-epithelialization, burns, cold injury, extracellular matrix, type III collagen, basement membrane, epidermal differentiation, skin-on-a-chip, in vitro skin model
- MeSH terms
- Epidermal Cells, Cell Differentiation, Cell Line, Transformed, Fibroblasts, Humans, Immunohistochemistry, Male, Models, Biological, Wound Healing, Keratinocytes, Skin, Artificial, Chemokines, Telomerase, Dermis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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