Regulation of Wound Healing by Growth Factors and Cytokines
Abstract
Cutaneous wound healing is a complex process involving blood clotting, inflammation, new tissue formation, and finally tissue remodeling. It is well described at the histological level, but the genes that regulate skin repair have only partially been identified. Many experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated varied, but in most cases beneficial, effects of exogenous growth factors on the healing process. However, the roles played by endogenous growth factors have remained largely unclear. Initial approaches at addressing this question focused on the expression analysis of various growth factors, cytokines, and their receptors in different wound models, with first functional data being obtained by applying neutralizing antibodies to wounds. During the past few years, the availability of genetically modified mice has allowed elucidation of the function of various genes in the healing process, and these studies have shed light onto the role of growth factors, cytokines, and their downstream effectors in wound repair. This review summarizes the results of expression studies that have been performed in rodents, pigs, and humans to localize growth factors and their receptors in skin wounds. Most importantly, we also report on genetic studies addressing the functions of endogenous growth factors in the wound repair process.
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The proliferative phase of wound healing involves cell proliferation, angiogenesis, new extracellular matrix deposition, and granulation tissue formation, processes largely mediated by the local microenvironment (pH, oxygen tension) and cytokines secreted by macrophages, T lymphocytes, and other wound-site cells.
“The proliferative phase of wound healing involves cellular proliferation, angiogenesis, new ECM deposition, and the formation of granulation tissue – processes that are largely mediated via the effects of the local microenvironment including pH and oxygen tension, and cytokines secreted by macrophages, T lymphocytes, and other cells within the wound site [91,98,99].”
From Macrophage polarization: an opportunity for improved outcomes in biomaterials and regenerative medicine (2012) · cites this paper as [91]
These macrophages are predominantly pro-inflammatory and secrete cytokines/chemokines that promote further leukocyte recruitment.
“These cells are of a predominantly pro-inflammatory phenotype and secrete cytokines and chemokines that promote the further recruitment of leukocytes to the site of injury [89,91].”
From Macrophage polarization: an opportunity for improved outcomes in biomaterials and regenerative medicine (2012) · cites this paper as [91]
VEGF is a cytokine released by macrophages and keratinocytes during wound reconstruction to promote angiogenesis.
“Vascular endothelial growth factor, or VEGF, is a cytokine released by macrophages and keratinocytes during wound reconstruction to promote angiogenesis.195–197”
From Biocompatible Materials for Continuous Glucose Monitoring Devices (2013) · cites this paper as [195]
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Zheng, H., Huang, W., He, B., Tan, H., Lin, P., & Zha, Z. (2020) · Pharmaceutical Biology · doi:10.1080/13880209.2020.1743325 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
- Authors
- WERNER, S., & GROSE, R.
- Affiliations
- Cancer Research UK (GB)
- Venue
- Physiological Reviews
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2003-07
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 835-870
- ISSN
- 0031-9333 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1210
- OpenAlex
- W1931315964
- Cited by
- 3,629
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 124 · 2025: 156 · 2024: 179 · 2023: 188 · 2022: 194 · 2021: 205 · 2020: 215 · 2019: 201 · 2018: 194 · 2017: 212 · 2016: 224 · 2015: 194 · 2014: 194 · 2013: 195 · 2012: 182
- FWCI
- 10.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Physiological Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Wound Healing and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver physiology and pathology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › TGF-β signaling in diseases
- Keywords
- wound healing, skin wound healing, growth factors, cytokines, growth factor receptors, endogenous growth factors, genetic mouse models, inflammation, tissue remodeling
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Growth Substances, Humans, Skin, Wound Healing, Wounds and Injuries, Cytokines
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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