CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 29Salmonella and Campylobacter epidemiologyInsects and Parasite InteractionsAntibiotic Resistance in Bacteria

The DOI matches its Crossref record.

Salmonella Isolates from Wild-Caught Tokay Geckos ( Gekko gecko ) Imported to the U.S. from Indonesia

Smith, Katherine F., Yabsley, Michael J., Sanchez, Susan, Casey, Christine L., Behrens, Michael D., Hernandez, Sonia M.·2012·Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases
DOI 10.1089/vbz.2011.0899
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Reptiles account for ∼10% of live animal shipments imported to the United States (U.S.), the majority of which are sold in the pet trade. Characterizing Salmonella shedding by imported reptiles is of value to public health, the pet industry, and veterinary medicine. Here we report results of a pilot survey of Salmonella serotypes isolated from wild-caught Indonesian Tokay geckos ( Gekko gecko ) imported to the U.S. Upon arrival, the geckos were individually housed until a fecal sample was acquired for Salmonella culture. The geckos were divided into three groups with variable numbers to investigate density effects. A second group was imported after 3 months and combined with the previous groups. A total of 88 Salmonella isolates were obtained from 110 geckos surveyed, representing 14 serogroups and 17 unique serotypes. Group prevalence ranged from 31–73%. A significant increase in prevalence and a change in serotype richness were detected between the time of import and 6 months later at necropsy. Six isolates (6.8%) expressed resistance to more than one antibiotic. All S. enterica subsp. enterica Adelaide isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid and sulfisoxazole, one S. enterica subsp. arizonae 61:k:z35 isolate was resistant to ampicillin and sulfisoxazole, and another 61:k:z35 isolate was resistant to streptomycin and sulfisoxazole. Forty-three additional isolates expressed resistance only to sulfisoxazole. The mechanisms for increased prevalence and apparent change in serotype richness are unknown, but could be due to stress associated with trade, transport, and captivity, increased transmission from unnaturally high densities, or contact with other species shedding Salmonella along the trade route. Future studies to differentiate the physical, social, and physiological effects of trade-related conditions on Salmonella shedding and transmission among reptiles will benefit the industry by identifying ways to reduce mortality, and safeguard the individuals handling animals along the transport chain and other species encountered en route.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1089/vbz.2011.0899

Cites

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

No references could be resolved yet.

Research works printed but not linked: 74

  1. 10.3201/eid1001.02-0781 · DOI
  2. 10.1128/AEM.66.4.1544-1552.2000 · DOI
  3. 10.1128/JCM.38.7.2465-2467.2000 · DOI
  4. 10.1089/vbz.2010.0015 · DOI
  5. 10.2460/javma.1980.177.09.800 · DOI
  6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Reptile-associated salmonellosis—selected states, 1998–2002. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2003; 52:1206–1209.
  7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Salmonella Surveillance: Annual Summary, 2006. Atlanta, Georgia: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, 2008.
  8. 10.1177/104063871002200107 · DOI
  9. 10.1016/0002-9343(76)90429-0 · DOI
  10. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CSLI). Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, performance standards for antimicrobial disk and dilution susceptibility tests for bacteria isolated from animals. Wayne, PA: Approved Standard, 2008; M31–A3.
  11. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, 20th Informational Supplement. Wayne, PA: CLSI, 2010; M100–S20.
  12. 10.1001/jama.1980.03300380027016 · DOI
  13. 10.1128/JCM.02475-08 · DOI
  14. 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02186.x · DOI
  15. Cyriac J, , Wozniak ER. Infantile Salmonella meningitis associated with gecko-keeping. Commun Dis Public Health, 2000; 3:66–67.
  16. 10.1128/JCM.40.8.3050-3052.2002 · DOI
  17. 10.1017/S0950268800048998 · DOI
  18. 10.1016/j.rvsc.2004.08.002 · DOI
  19. Frye FL. Infectious Diseases. Fungal actinomycete, bacterial, rickettsial and viral diseases. Biomedical and Surgical Aspects of Captive Reptile Husbandry. Melbourne, FL: Kreiger Publishing, 1991.
  20. 10.1017/S0950268807009570 · DOI
  21. 10.3201/eid1203.050854 · DOI
  22. 10.1055/s-0031-1275308 · DOI
  23. 10.1016/j.ijid.2008.01.002 · DOI
  24. 10.1086/649932 · DOI
  25. 10.1128/AAC.00426-09 · DOI
  26. Holz PH, , Middleton DR. The effect of feeding a prebiotic on Salmonella excretion in carpet pythons, Morelia spilota, and scrub pythons, Morelia amethystine. J Herp Med Surg, 2005; 15:4–6.
  27. 10.1126/science.3399889 · DOI · Paper page
  28. 10.1201/9781420004038 · DOI
  29. 10.7589/0090-3558-7.2.130 · DOI
  30. 10.1053/rvsc.2000.0436 · DOI
  31. Kelley KW. Stress and immune function: A bibliographic review. Ann Rech Vet, 1980; 11:445–461.
  32. Levy C, , Finnerty M, , Hansen G et al. Reptile-associated salmonellosis—Selected States, 1996–1998. Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep, 1999; 48:1009–1013.
  33. MacNiel BM, , Argôlo Filho RC, , Nogueira SS et al. High prevalence of Salmonella in tegu lizards (Tupinambis merianae), and susceptibility of the serotypes to antibiotics. Zoonoses Public Health, 2010; 57:e26–e32.
  34. 10.2307/20460232 · DOI
  35. Mader DR. Reptile Medicine and Surgery. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1996.
  36. 10.1542/peds.99.3.399 · DOI
  37. 10.1086/381594 · DOI · Paper page
  38. Mitchell MA, , Shane SM, , Orr K et al. Salmonella diagnostic testing in the absence of a gold standard. Proceedings of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians, 2000; 7:143–144.
  39. Mitchell MA, , Shane SM, , Pesti D et al. Effect of an avirulent Salmonella vaccine on Salmonella colonization of hatchling green iguanas, Iguana iguana. Orlando, FL, Proceedings of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians, 2001; 187–189.
  40. 10.2527/1994.72102599x · DOI
  41. 10.1163/156853893X00057 · DOI
  42. 10.7883/yoken.JJID.2006.132 · DOI
  43. 10.1016/j.patbio.2005.01.001 · DOI
  44. Oboegbulem S, , Iseghohimhen A. Wall geckos (Geckonidae) as reservoirs of Salmonellae in Nigeria: problems for epidemiology and public health. Int J Zoonoses, 1985; 12:228–232.
  45. 10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70189-4 · DOI · Paper page
  46. 10.1086/318832 · DOI
  47. Onderka DK, , Finlayson MC. Salmonellae and salmonellosis in captive bred reptiles. Can J Comp Med, 1985; 49:268–270.
  48. 10.1023/A:1025162517741 · DOI
  49. 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.07.008 · DOI
  50. 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01196.x · DOI
  51. 10.1016/j.fm.2007.09.001 · DOI
  52. Reporter R, , Sun B, , Monopoli J et al. Reptile-associated Salmonellosis—Selected States, 1998–2002. Morbid Mortal Weekly Rep, 2003; 52:1206–1209.
  53. 10.1128/AEM.40.4.783-786.1980 · DOI
  54. 10.1016/j.foodcont.2005.10.015 · DOI
  55. 10.1097/00043426-200201000-00020 · DOI
  56. 10.2460/javma.229.2.266 · DOI
  57. 10.1016/S0140-6736(75)92923-2 · DOI
  58. 10.1136/adc.77.4.345 · DOI
  59. Scheelings F. Presence of Salmonella in wild reptiles in Victoria. Australia, Proceedings of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians, 2008; 31–32.
  60. 10.1128/AEM.70.1.613-615.2004 · DOI
  61. 10.2460/javma.232.5.695 · DOI
  62. Simanjuntak C, , Punjabi N, , Wangsasaputra F et al. Diarrhoea episodes and treatment-seeking behaviour in a slum area of north Jakarta, Indonesia. J Health Popul Nutr, 2004; 22:119–129.
  63. 10.1126/science.1174460 · DOI
  64. 10.1136/vr.163.20.596 · DOI
  65. 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2002.tb00606.x · DOI
  66. 10.1128/JCM.40.7.2498-2503.2002 · DOI
  67. 10.4269/ajtmh.2003.68.666 · DOI
  68. 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1991.tb08630.x · DOI
  69. 10.1099/jmm.0.012146-0 · DOI
  70. 10.1089/vbz.2010.0239 · DOI
  71. 10.1086/423002 · DOI
  72. 10.1128/JCM.40.12.4802-4803.2002 · DOI
  73. 10.1128/JCM.35.11.2786-2790.1997 · DOI
  74. 10.4315/0362-028X-69.3.500 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 29

Metadata

Authors
Smith, K. F., Yabsley, M. J., Sanchez, S., Casey, C. L., Behrens, M. D., & Hernandez, S. M.
Affiliations
  • Brown University (US)
  • University of Georgia (US)
  • University of Georgia
  • Pacific Lutheran University (US)
Corresponding author
Smith, Katherine F.
ORCID
Venue
Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Published
2012-07
Volume
12
Issue
7
Pages
575-582
ISSN
  • 1530-3667 (ISSN-L)
  • 1557-7759
DOI
10.1089/vbz.2011.0899
OpenAlex
W2094861871
Cited by
29
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2
FWCI
3.44
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations
  • Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Salmonella and Campylobacter epidemiology
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Insects and Parasite Interactions
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Microbiology (medical) › Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
Keywords
Salmonella, Tokay gecko, Gekko gecko, Salmonella serotypes, serogroups, prevalence, antibiotic resistance, sulfisoxazole resistance, Salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, reptile trade, pet trade, fecal shedding, density effects
MeSH terms
Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Antigens, Bacterial, DNA, Bacterial, Feces, Female, Georgia, Indonesia, Lizards, Male, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Pilot Projects, Random Allocation, Salmonella, Salmonella Infections, Animal, Serotyping, Stress, Physiological, United States, Prevalence, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial, Bacterial Shedding

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Salmonella Isolates from Wild-Caught Tokay Geckos ( Gekko gecko ) Imported to the U.S. from Indonesia. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1089/vbz.2011.0899
The paper
Smith, K. F., Yabsley, M. J., Sanchez, S., Casey, C. L., Behrens, M. D., & Hernandez, S. M. (2012). Salmonella Isolates from Wild-Caught Tokay Geckos ( Gekko gecko ) Imported to the U.S. from Indonesia. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases. https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2011.0899