Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
Cited by 3,429

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

On Economic Inequality

Sen, Amartya, Foster, James·1973

Abstract

This book, which was first published in 1973, presents a systematic treatment of the conceptual framework as well as the practical problems of the measurement of economic inequality. Alternative approaches are evaluated in terms of their philosophical assumptions, economic content, and statistical requirements. In a new annexe added in 1997, which is as large as the original book, Amartya Sen, jointly with James Foster, critically surveys the literature that followed the publication of the first edition of the book, and evaluates the main analytical issues in the appraisal of economic inequality and poverty. The technical and non‐technical sections of the book are not presented separately, but it is possible to skip or skim through the formal sections and go directly from the intuitive presentation of the axioms to the intuitive explanation of the results.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1093/0198281935.001.0001

Cites

4 of 4 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 4 references

Research works printed but not linked: 492

  1. Aczel,, 1966, Lectures on Functional Equations and Their Applications
  2. Adelman,, 1973, Economic Growth and Social Equity in Developing Countries
  3. Aigner,, 1967, A Social Welfare View of the Measurement of Income Inequality, Review of Income and Wealth, 10.1111/j.1475-4991.1967.tb00732.x · DOI
  4. Aitchison,, 1957, The Lognormal Distribution
  5. Amiel,, 1992, Measurement of Income Inequality, Journal of Public Economics, 10.1016/0047-2727(92)90003-X · DOI
  6. Anand,, 1977, Aspects of Poverty in Malaysia, Review of Income and Wealth, 10.1111/j.1475-4991.1977.tb00001.x · DOI
  7. Anand,, 1983, Inequality and Poverty in Malaysia
  8. Anand,, 1996, Disability‐Adjusted Life Years: A Critical Review, Journal of Health Economics
  9. Anand,, 1993, Human Development in Poor Countries: On the Role of Private Incomes and Public Services, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 10.1257/jep.7.1.133 · DOI
  10. Arneson,, 1989, Equality and Equality of Opportunity for Welfare, Philosophical Studies, 10.1007/BF00646210 · DOI
  11. Arneson,, 1990, Liberalism, Distributive Subjectivism, and Equal Opportunity for Welfare, Philosophy and Public Affairs
  12. Arrow,, 1951, Social Choice and Individual Values
  13. Arrow,, 1963, Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care, American Economic Review
  14. Arrow,, 1965, Aspects of the Theory of Risk‐Bearing
  15. Arrow,, 1977, Extended Sympathy and the Possibility of Social Choice, American Economic Review
  16. Arrow,, 1995, A Note on Freedom and Flexibility, 10.1093/oso/9780198287896.003.0002 · DOI
  17. Arrow,, 1971, General Competitive Analysis
  18. Arrow,, 1960, Essays in Economics and Econometrics
  19. Atkinson,, 1970, On the Measurement of Inequality, Journal of Economic Theory, 10.1016/0022-0531(70)90039-6 · DOI · Paper page
  20. Atkinson,, 1970, Poverty in Britain and the Reform of Social Security
  21. Atkinson,, 1983, Social Justice and Public Policy
  22. Atkinson,, 1987, On the Measurement of Poverty, Econometrica, 10.2307/1911028 · DOI
  23. Atkinson,, 1989, Poverty and Social Security
  24. Atkinson,, 1995, Capabilities, Exclusion, and the Supply of Goods, 10.1093/oso/9780198287896.003.0003 · DOI
  25. Atkinson,, 1996, Living as Equals
  26. Atkinson,, 1982, The Comparison of Multi‐dimensioned Distributions of Economic Status, Review of Economic Studies, 10.2307/2297269 · DOI
  27. Balestrino,, 1994, Poverty and Functionings: Issues in Measurement and Public Action, Giornale degli Economisti e Annali di Economia
  28. Balestrino,, 1995, Optimal Taxation Rules for “Functioning”‐Inputs, Economic Notes
  29. Bardhan,, 1974, On Life and Death Questions, Economic and Political Weekly
  30. Bardhan,, 1984, Land Labour and Rural Poverty: Essays in Development Economics
  31. Basmann,, 1984, Advances in Econometrics
  32. Basu,, 1981, Revealed Preference of Government
  33. Basu,, 1987, Achievements, Capabilities and the Concept of Well‐being, Social Choice and Welfare, 10.1007/BF00433957 · DOI
  34. Basu,, 1987, Axioms for Fuzzy Measures of Inequality, Mathematical Social Sciences, 10.1016/0165-4896(87)90006-0 · DOI
  35. Basu,, 1995, Choice, Welfare and Development, 10.1093/oso/9780198287896.001.0001 · DOI
  36. Baumol,, 1952, Welfare Economics and the Theory of the State
  37. Baumol,, 1960, On the Social Rate of Discount, American Economic Review
  38. Baumol,, 1975, Economica, 10.2307/2553598 · DOI
  39. Baumol,, 1986, Superfairness
  40. Bawa,, 1976, Optimal Rules for Ordering Uncertain Prospects, Journal of Financial Economics
  41. Beach,, 1983, Distribution Free Statistical Inference with Lorenz Curves and Income Shares, Review of Economic Studies, 10.2307/2297772 · DOI
  42. Beach,, 1985, Joint Confidence Intervals for Income Shares and Lorenz Curves, International Economic Review, 10.2307/2526594 · DOI
  43. Beckerman,, 1979, The Impact of Income Maintenance on Poverty in Britain, Economic Journal, 10.2307/2231601 · DOI
  44. Bentham,, 1789, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, 10.1093/oseo/instance.00077240 · DOI
  45. Bentzel,, 1970, The Social Significance of Income Distribution Statistics, Review of Income & Wealth, 10.1111/j.1475-4991.1970.tb00701.x · DOI
  46. Berge,, 1963, Topological Spaces
  47. Bergson,, 1938, A Reformulation of Certain Aspects of Welfare Economics, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 10.2307/1881737 · DOI
  48. Bergson,, 1964, The Economics of Soviet Planning
  49. Bergson,, 1966, Essays in Normative Economics, 10.4159/harvard.9780674733770 · DOI
  50. Béteille,, 1969, Social Inequality
  51. Bhargava,, 1992, Malnutrition and the Role of Individual Variation with Evidence from India and the Philippines, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 10.2307/2982957 · DOI
  52. Bhargava,, 1994, Modelling the Health of Filipino Children, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 10.2307/2983528 · DOI
  53. Bhattacharya,, 1969, Regional Disparities in Household Consumption in India, Journal of the American Statistical Association
  54. Blackorby,, 1975, Degrees of Cardinality and Aggregate Partial Ordering, Econometrica, 10.2307/1911328 · DOI
  55. Blackorby,, 1977, Utility versus Equity: Some Plausible Quasi‐Orderings, Journal of Public Economics, 10.1016/0047-2727(77)90055-X · DOI
  56. Blackorby,, 1978, Measures of Relative Equality and their Meaning in Terms of Social Welfare, Journal of Economic Theory, 10.1016/0022-0531(78)90042-X · DOI
  57. Blackorby,, 1980, A Theoretical Treatment of Indices of Absolute Inequality, International Economic Review, 10.2307/2526243 · DOI
  58. Blackorby,, 1980, Ethical Indices for the Measurement of Poverty, Econometrica, 10.2307/1912947 · DOI
  59. Blackorby,, 1984, Ethically Significant Ordinal Indexes of Relative Inequality
  60. Blackorby,, 1981, A New Procedure for the Measurement of Inequality within and among Population Subgroups, Canadian Journal of Economics, 10.2307/134822 · DOI
  61. Blackorby,, 1984, Social Choice with Interpersonal Utility Comparisons: A Diagrammatic Introduction, International Economic Review, 10.2307/2526200 · DOI
  62. Blackorby,, 1978, Duality, Separability and Functional Structure: Theory and Economic Applications
  63. Blair,, 1988, Theory and Decision
  64. Blau,, 1975, Liberal Values and Independence, Review of Economic Studies, 10.2307/2296852 · DOI
  65. Bös,, 1988, Welfare and Efficiency in Public Economics, 10.1007/978-3-642-73370-3 · DOI
  66. Bourguignon,, 1979, Decomposable Income Inequality Measures, Econometrica, 10.2307/1914138 · DOI
  67. Bourguignon,, 1990, Poverty Measures and Anti‐Poverty Policy, Recherches Economiques de Louvain, 10.1017/S0770451800043979 · DOI
  68. Bowles,, 1972, Schooling in a Corporate Society
  69. Brandt,, 1979, A Theory of the Good and the Right
  70. Breit,, 1970, Distributional Equality and Aggregate Utility: Comment, American Economic Review
  71. Broome,, 1987, Current Issues in Microeconomics
  72. Cerioli,, 1990, A Fuzzy Approach to the Measurement of Poverty, 10.1007/978-3-642-84250-4_18 · DOI
  73. Chakravarty,, 1983, Ethically Flexible Measures of Poverty, Canadian Journal of Economics, 10.2307/134976 · DOI
  74. Chakravarty,, 1983, A New Index of Poverty, Mathematical Social Sciences, 10.1016/0165-4896(83)90064-1 · DOI
  75. Chakravarty,, 1983, Measures of Poverty Based on the Representative Income Gap, Sankhyā, The Indian Journal of Statistics
  76. Chakravarty,, 1988, Extended Gini Indexes of Inequality, International Economic Review, 10.2307/2526814 · DOI
  77. Chakravarty,, 1990, Ethical Social Index Numbers, 10.1007/978-3-642-75502-6 · DOI
  78. Champernowne,, 1952, The Graduation of Income Distribution, Econometrica, 10.2307/1907644 · DOI
  79. Champernowne,, 1953, A Model of Income Distribution, Economic Journal, 10.2307/2227127 · DOI
  80. Chen,, 1981, Sex Bias in the Family Allocation of Food and Health Care in Rural Bangladesh, Population and Development Review, 10.2307/1972764 · DOI
  81. Chiappero, 1994, A New Approach to Evaluation of Well‐being and Poverty by Fuzzy Set Theory, Giornale degli Economisti
  82. Clark,, 1902, Distribution of Wealth
  83. Clark,, 1981, On Indices for the Measurement of Poverty, Economic Journal, 10.2307/2232600 · DOI
  84. Cohen,, 1989, On the Currency of Egalitarian Justice, Ethics, 10.1086/293126 · DOI
  85. Cohen,, 1990, Equality of What? On Welfare, Goods and Capabilities, Recherches Economiques de Louvain, 10.1017/S0770451800043943 · DOI
  86. Cohen,, 1995, Self‐ownership, Freedom, and Equality, 10.1017/CBO9780511521270 · DOI
  87. Cornia,, 1995, Poverty in Latin America in the 1980s: Extent, Causes and Possible Remedies, Giornale degli Economisti
  88. Cowell,, 1977, Measuring Inequality
  89. Cowell,, 1980, On the Structure of Additive Inequality Measures, Review of Economic Studies, 10.2307/2297303 · DOI
  90. Cowell,, 1984, The Structure of American Income Inequality, Journal of Income and Wealth, 10.1111/j.1475-4991.1984.tb00556.x · DOI
  91. Cowell,, 1985, “A Fair Suck of the Sauce Bottle” or, What Do You Mean by Inequality?, Economic Record, 10.1111/j.1475-4932.1985.tb02012.x · DOI
  92. Cowell,, 1988, Inequality Decomposition: Three Bad Measures, Bulletin of Economic Research, 10.1111/j.1467-8586.1988.tb00274.x · DOI
  93. Cowell,, 1988, Poverty Measures, Inequality and Decomposability, 10.1007/978-3-642-73370-3_5 · DOI
  94. Cowell,, 1995, Measuring Inequality
  95. Cowell,, 1981, Inequality Measurement: An Axiomatic Approach, European Economic Review, 10.1016/S0014-2921(81)80003-7 · DOI
  96. Creedy,, 1977, The Principle of Transfers and the Variance of Logarithms, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics
  97. Crocker,, 1992, Functioning and Capability: The Foundations of Sen's and Nussbaum's Development Ethic, Political Theory, 10.1177/0090591792020004003 · DOI
  98. Culyer,, 1990, Quality of Life: Perspectives and Policies
  99. Dagum,, 1990, Income and Wealth Distribution, Inequality and Poverty, 10.1007/978-3-642-84250-4 · DOI
  100. Dahrendorf,, 1968, Essays in the Theory of Society
  101. Dalton,, 1920, The Measurement of the Inequality of Incomes, Economic Journal, 10.2307/2223525 · DOI
  102. Dalton,, 1925, Inequality of Incomes
  103. Dasgupta,, 1993, An Inquiry into Well‐being and Destitution
  104. Dasgupta,, 1986, Inequality as a Determinant of Malnutrition and Unemployment: Theory, Economic Journal, 10.2307/2233171 · DOI
  105. Dasgupta,, 1987, Inequality as a Determinant of Malnutrition and Unemployment: Policy, Economic Journal, 10.2307/2233329 · DOI
  106. Dasgupta,, 1973, Notes on the Measurement of Inequality, Journal of Economic Theory, 10.1016/0022-0531(73)90033-1 · DOI
  107. d'Aspremont,, 1965, Social Goals and Social Organization
  108. d'Aspremont,, 1985, Social Goals and Social Organization
  109. d'Aspremont,, 1977, Equity and the Informational Basis of Collective Choice, Review of Economic Studies, 10.2307/2297061 · DOI
  110. Davies,, 1995, Making Inequality Comparisons when Lorenz Curves Cross, American Economic review
  111. Deaton,, 1995, Microeconometric Analysis for Development Policy: An Approach from Household Surveys
  112. Deaton,, 1980, Economics and Consumer Behaviour, 10.1017/CBO9780511805653 · DOI
  113. Deaton,, 1989, The Influence of Household Composition on Household Expenditure Patterns: Theory and Spanish Evidence, Journal of Political Economy, 10.1086/261597 · DOI
  114. Debreu,, 1959, The Theory of Value
  115. Debreu,, 1960, Mathematical Methods in the Social Sciences
  116. Delbono,, 1989, Poverta come incapacita: Premesse teoriche, identificazione e misurazione, Rivista Internazionale di Scienze Sociali
  117. Desai,, 1991, Human Development: Concepts and Measurement, European Economic Review, 10.1016/0014-2921(91)90136-7 · DOI
  118. Desai,, 1994, Poverty, Famine and Economic Development
  119. Desai,, 1992, Social Progress Index: A Proposal
  120. Diamond,, 1967, Cardinal Welfare, Individualistic Ethics, and Interpersonal Comparisons of Utility: A Comment, Journal of Political Economy, 10.1086/259353 · DOI
  121. Dobb,, 1933, Economic Theory and the Problems of a Socialist Economy, Economic Journal, 10.2307/2224505 · DOI
  122. Dobb,, 1937, Political Economy and Capitalism
  123. Dobb,, 1951, Soviet Economic Development since 1917
  124. Dobb,, 1969, Welfare Economics and the Economics of Socialism
  125. Domar,, 1966, The Soviet Collective Farm as a Producer Cooperative, American Economic Review
  126. Donaldson,, 1980, A Single‐Parameter Generalisation of the Gini Indices of Inequality, Journal of Economic Theory, 10.1016/0022-0531(80)90065-4 · DOI
  127. Donaldson,, 1986, Properties of Fixed Population Poverty Indices, International Economic Review, 10.2307/2526688 · DOI
  128. Dorfman,, 1958, Linear Programming and Economic Analysis
  129. Drèze,, 1989, Hunger and Public Action
  130. Drèze,, 1990, The Political Economy of Hunger
  131. Drèze,, 1995, India: Economic Development and Social Opportunity
  132. Dutta,, 1989, A Concept of Egalitarianism under Participation Constraints, Econometrica, 10.2307/1911055 · DOI
  133. Dworkin,, 1981, What is Equality? Part 1: Equality of Welfare’, and ‘What is Equality? Part 2: Equality of Resources, Philosophy and Public Affairs
  134. Dworkin,, 1985, A Matter of Principle
  135. Easterlin,, 1995, Will Raising the Incomes of All Increase the Happiness of All?, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 10.1016/0167-2681(95)00003-B · DOI
  136. Ebert,, 1988, On the Decomposition of Inequality: Partitions into Non‐overlapping Subgroups
  137. Eichhorn,, 1978, Functional Equations in Economics
  138. Eichhorn,, 1988, Measurement in Economics, 10.1007/978-3-642-52481-3 · DOI
  139. Eichhorn,, 1982, Modern Applied Mathematics
  140. Ellman,, 1966, Individual Preferences and the Market, Economics of Planning, 10.1007/BF00155602 · DOI
  141. Ellman,, 1971, Soviet Planning Today
  142. Elster,, 1986, Foundations of Social Choice Theory
  143. Elster,, 1991, Interpersonal Comparisons of Well‐being, 10.1017/CBO9781139172387 · DOI
  144. Éltetö,, 1968, New Income Inequality Measures as Efficient Tools for Causal Analysis and Planning, Econometrica
  145. Erikson,, 1987, Welfare in Transition: A Survey of Living Conditions in Sweden (1968–81)
  146. Esteban,, 1994, On the Measurement of Polarization, Econometrica, 10.2307/2951734 · DOI · Paper page
  147. Fields,, 1980, Poverty, Inequality and Development, 10.1017/CBO9780511572173 · DOI
  148. Fields,, 1993, Inequality in Dual Economy Models, Economic Journal, 10.2307/2234248 · DOI
  149. Fields,, 1978, On Inequality Comparisons, Econometrica, 10.2307/1913902 · DOI
  150. Fine,, 1975, A Note on Interpersonal Aggregation and Partial Comparability, Econometrica, 10.2307/1913422 · DOI
  151. Fine,, 1985, A Note on the Measurement of Inequality and Interpersonal Comparability, Social Choice and Welfare, 10.1007/BF00649262 · DOI
  152. Fine,, 1974, Social Choice and Individual Ranking, II, Review of Economic Studies
  153. Fishburn,, 1970, Utility Theory and Decision Making, 10.21236/AD0708563 · DOI
  154. Fishburn,, 1984, Transfer Principles in Income Distribution, Journal of Public Economics, 10.1016/0047-2727(84)90059-8 · DOI
  155. Fisher,, 1956, Income Distribution, Value Judgements and Welfare, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 10.2307/1884231 · DOI
  156. Fisher,, 1987, Household Equivalence Scales and Interpersonal Comparisons, Review of Economic Studies, 10.2307/2297573 · DOI
  157. Fisher,, 1990, Household Equivalence Scales: Reply, Review of Economic Studies, 10.2307/2297386 · DOI
  158. Fisher,, 1961, How Income Ought to be Distributed: Paradox Lost, Journal of Political Economy, 10.1086/258451 · DOI
  159. Fisher,, 1962, How Income Ought to be Distributed: Paradox Enow, Journal of Political Economy, 10.1086/258594 · DOI
  160. Fisher,, 1972, The Economic Theory of Price Indices
  161. Fleming,, 1952, A Cardinal Concept of Welfare, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 10.2307/1885309 · DOI
  162. Fleurbaey,, 1994, On Fair Compensation, Theory and Decision, 10.1007/BF01079932 · DOI
  163. Fleurbaey,, 1995, Three Solutions for the Compensation Problem, Journal of Economic Theory, 10.1006/jeth.1995.1018 · DOI
  164. Fleurbaey,, 1995, Equality and Responsibility, European Economic Review, 10.1016/0014-2921(94)00075-B · DOI
  165. Folbre,, 1994, Who Pays for the Kids? Gender and the Structures of Constraint, 10.4324/9780203168295 · DOI
  166. Foley,, 1967, Resource Allocation in the Public Sector, Yale Economic Essays
  167. Foster,, 1983, An Axiomatic Characterisation of the Theil Measure of Income Inequality, Journal of Economic Theory, 10.1016/0022-0531(83)90023-6 · DOI
  168. Foster,, 1984, On Economic Poverty: A Survey of Aggregate Measures
  169. Foster,, 1985, Fair Allocation
  170. Foster,, 1994, Normative Measurement: Is Theory Relevant?, The American Economic Review
  171. Foster,, 1988, Poverty Orderings, Econometrica, 10.2307/1911846 · DOI
  172. Foster,, 1988, Poverty Orderings and Welfare Dominance, Social Choice and Welfare, 10.1007/BF00735760 · DOI
  173. Foster,, 1988, Inequality and Poverty Orderings, European Economic Review, 10.1016/0014-2921(88)90212-7 · DOI
  174. Foster,, 1991, Subgroup Consistent Poverty Indices, Econometrica, 10.2307/2938224 · DOI
  175. Foster,, 1984, A Class of Decomposable Poverty Measures, Econometrica, 10.2307/1913475 · DOI
  176. Foster,, 1990, Inequality and Welfare in Market Economies, Journal of Public Economics, 10.1016/0047-2727(90)90066-Q · DOI
  177. Fuchs,, 1965, Task Force on Economic Growth and Opportunity, The Concept of Poverty
  178. Fuchs,, 1976, Redefining Poverty and Redistributing Income, The Public Interest
  179. Fuchs,, 1988, Women's Quest for Economic Equality
  180. Gärdenfors,, 1973, Positionalist Voting Functions, Theory and Decision, 10.1007/BF00133396 · DOI
  181. Gastwirth,, 1971, A General Definition of the Lorenz Curve, Econometrica, 10.2307/1909675 · DOI
  182. Gevers,, 1979, On Interpersonal Comparability and Social Welfare Orderings., Econometrica, 10.2307/1912347 · DOI
  183. Gibbard,, 1979, Disparate Goods and Rawls's Difference Principle: A Social Choice Theoretic Treatment, Theory and Decision, 10.1007/BF00126381 · DOI
  184. Gini,, 1912, Variabilità e mutabilità
  185. Gintis, H. (1969). ‘Alienation and Power: Toward a Radical Welfare Economics’, Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University.
  186. Glewwe,, 1991, Household Equivalent Scales and the Measurement of Inequality: Transfers from the Poor to the Rich Could Decrease Inequality, Journal of Public Economics, 10.1016/0047-2727(91)90026-X · DOI
  187. Gorman,, 1968, The Structure of Utility Functions, Review of Economic Studies, 10.2307/2296766 · DOI
  188. Gorman,, 1968, Conditions for Additive Separability, Econometrica, 10.2307/1909527 · DOI
  189. Graaff,, 1957, Theoretical Welfare Economics
  190. Graaff,, 1977, Equity and Efficiency as Components of General Welfare, South African Journal of Economics, 10.1111/j.1813-6982.1977.tb00534.x · DOI
  191. Granaglia,, 1994, Più o meno eguaglianza di risorse? Un falso problema per le politiche sociali, Giornale degli Economisti e Annali di Economia
  192. Grant,, 1978, Disparity Reduction Rates in Social Indicators
  193. Greer,, 1986, Pattern of Food Consumption and Poverty in Kenya and Effects of Food Prices, Journal of Development Economics
  194. Griffin,, 1981, Equality: On Sen's Weak Equity Axiom, Mind, 10.1093/mind/XC.358.280 · DOI
  195. Griffin,, 1986, Well‐being
  196. Griffin,, 1990, Human Development and the International Development Strategies for the 1990s, 10.1007/978-1-349-21136-4 · DOI
  197. Hadar,, 1969, Rules for Ordering Uncertain Prospects, American Economic Review
  198. Haddad,, 1990, How Serious Is the Neglect of Intra‐household Inequality?, Economic Journal, 10.2307/2233663 · DOI
  199. Hagenaars,, 1986, Perception of Poverty
  200. Hagenaars,, 1987, A Class of Poverty Indices, International Economic Review, 10.2307/2526568 · DOI

200 of 492 shown

Cited by

See all 3,429

Metadata

Authors
Sen, A., & Foster, J.
Published
1973-12-13
OpenAlex
W1883239598
Cited by
3,429
References
4
FWCI
173.36
Type
book
Language
en
Open access
closed

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: On Economic Inequality. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1093/0198281935.001.0001
The paper
Sen, A., & Foster, J. (1973). On Economic Inequality. https://doi.org/10.1093/0198281935.001.0001

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.