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The Early Development of Executive Functions
Abstract
Executive function, also known as cognitive control or supervisory attention, is required whenever going “on automatic”. Classes of situations in which executive functions are required include novel tasks and situations that require concentration, planning, problem solving, coordination, change, conscious choices among alternatives, or overriding a strong internal or external pull. Component cognitive abilities that constitute what collectively is known as executive function include the following: inhibition, that is, the ability to ignore distraction and stay focused, and to resist making one response and instead make another; working memory, that is, the ability to hold information in mind and manipulate it; cognitive flexibility, that is, the ability to switch perspectives flexibly, focus of attention, or response mappings. These abilities are crucial to all forms of cognitive performance. The ability to inhibit attention to distractors makes possible selective and sustained attention.
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“Inhibition, WM and cognitive flexibility, for example, have been shown to develop in diverse trajectories (Diamond, 2006; Best et al., 2009; Bellaj et al., 2016).”
From Assessment of executive functions in school-aged children: A narrative review (2022) · cites this paper as Diamond, 2006
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A Developmental Perspective on Executive Function
Best, J. R., & Miller, P. H. (2010) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01499.x · Cited by 2,692
Executive function in preschoolers: A review using an integrative framework.
Garon, N., Bryson, S. E., & Smith, I. M. (2008) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.1.31 · Cited by 2,695
Preschool Program Improves Cognitive Control
Diamond, A., Barnett, W. S., Thomas, J., & Munro, S. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1151148 · Cited by 2,025
Self-citationBest, J. R., Miller, P. H., & Naglieri, J. A. (2011) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2011.01.007 · Cited by 1,294
Best, J. R. (2010) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2010.08.001 · Cited by 1,078
Metadata
- Authors
- Diamond, A.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Diamond, Adele
- ORCID
- Diamond, Adele
- Venue
- Lifespan CognitionMechanisms of Change
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press
- Published
- 2006-04-27
- Pages
- 70-95
- OpenAlex
- W2481933101
- Cited by
- 758
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 42
- FWCI
- 19.46
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Oxford University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- executive function, cognitive control, inhibition, working memory, cognitive flexibility, attention, early development, child development, planning, problem solving
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