Low-density-lipoprotein subclasses and response to a low-fat diet in healthy men

Krauss, RM; Dreon, DM

doi:10.1093/ajcn/62.2.478s

Cited by 144Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular HealthCholesterol and Lipid MetabolismLipid metabolism and disorders

Low-density-lipoprotein subclasses and response to a low-fat diet in healthy men

Krauss, RM, Dreon, DM·1995·The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

DOI 10.1093/ajcn/62.2.478s

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Abstract

Lipid and lipoprotein responses to reduced dietary fat intake were investigated in relation to differences in distribution of low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) subclasses among 105 healthy men consuming high-fat (46% fat) and low-fat (24% fat) diets in random order for 6 wk each. With high-fat diets, 87 subjects had predominantly large, buoyant LDL (pattern A), whereas the remainder had primarily smaller, denser LDL (pattern B). With low-fat diets, 36 men changed from pattern A to B. Compared with the 51 men with pattern A with both diets (stable A group), men in the stable B group (n = 18) had significantly greater reductions in plasma LDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, and mass of mid-sized (LDL II) and small (LDL III) LDL subfractions. In both the stable A and change groups, there was a shift in LDL particle mass from larger, lipid-enriched (LDL I and II) to smaller, lipid-depleted (LDL III and IV) subfractions, suggestive of change in LDL composition with minimal change in particle number, and consistent with the observation of reduced plasma LDL cholesterol without reduced apolipoprotein B. Stable B subjects had significantly greater increases in the largest very-low-density-lipoprotein subfraction with the low-fat diet than the stable A group, and also had greater decreases in the high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) subclass HDL3 but smaller reductions in HDL2. Genetic and environmental factors influencing LDL subclass distributions thus may also contribute substantially to interindividual variation in plasma lipoprotein response to a low-fat diet.

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Background
“European Panel on Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Subclasses”: A Statement on the Pathophysiology, Atherogenicity and Clinical Significance of LDL Subclasses
Mikhailidis, D. P., Elisaf, M., Rizzo, M., Berneis, K. K., Griffin, B. A., Zambon, A., Athyros, V. G., Graaf, J. D., März, W., Parhofer, K. G., et al. (2011) · Current Vascular Pharmacology · doi:10.2174/157016111796642661 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Assessment of LDL Particle Size by Triglyceride/HDL-Cholesterol Ratio in Non-diabetic,Healthy Subjects without Prominent Hyperlipidemia
Maruyama, C., Imamura, K., & Teramoto, T. (2003) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.10.186 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Change in dietary saturated fat intake is correlated with change in mass of large low-density-lipoprotein particles in men
Dreon, D., Fernstrom, H., Campos, H., Blanche, P., Williams, P., & Krauss, R. (1998) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/67.5.828 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
“Alternatively, because there is evidence that LDL subclasses are affected by genetic factors (39–42) as well as nongenetic influences (12, 37, 43, 44), an interaction between a high-fat diet and other determinants of the LDL-particle size distribution may have contributed to the significant associations reported here.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citation
Gene-diet interactions in obesity
Përusse, L., & Bouchard, C. (2000) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/72.5.1285s · Cited by 159 · see citing works
A very-low-fat diet is not associated with improved lipoprotein profiles in men with a predominance of large, low-density lipoproteins
Dreon, D. M., Fernstrom, H. A., Williams, P. T., & Krauss, R. M. (1999) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/69.3.411 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Protein in optimal health: heart disease and type 2 diabetes
Layman, D. K., Clifton, P., Gannon, M. C., Krauss, R. M., & Nuttall, F. Q. (2008) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/87.5.1571s · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Olive oil and oxidative stress
Fitó, M., de la Torre, R., & Covas, M. (2007) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.200600308 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
A single daily dose of soybean phytosterols in ground beef decreases serum total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in young, mildly hypercholesterolemic men,,,
Matvienko, O. A., Lewis, D. S., Swanson, M., Arndt, B., Rainwater, D. L., Stewart, J. W., & Alekel, D. L. (2002) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/76.1.57 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Are the Current Dietary Guidelines Regarding Egg Consumption Appropriate?
Herron, K. L., & Fernández, M. L. (2004) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/134.1.187 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
“Furthermore, the consumption of a diet high in simple sugars can cause changes in lipoprotein metabolism that result in the production of smaller more dense LDL particles (13).”
Background
Dietary and Genetic Probes of Atherogenic Dyslipidemia
Krauss, R. M. (2005) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000186365.73973.f0 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Milk-Derived Fatty Acids Are Associated with a More Favorable LDL Particle Size Distribution in Healthy Men
Sjögren, P., Skoglund-Andersson, C., Hamsten, A., Fisher, R. M., Rosell, M., Zdravkovic, S., Vessby, B. O., Fairé, U. D., & Hellénius, M.-L. (2004) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/134.7.1729 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“Intervention studies showed decreasing sdLDL with increasing fat intake (8,9), but no significant relation was found in the present study.”
Background
Atherogenic Lipoprotein Phenotype and Diet-Gene Interactions
Krauss, R. M. (2001) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/131.2.340s · Cited by 101 · see citing works
D IETARY AND G ENETIC E FFECTS ON L OW -D ENSITY L IPOPROTEIN H ETEROGENEITY
Krauss, R. M. (2001) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.21.1.283 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Influence of dietary carbohydrate and fat on LDL and HDL particle distributions
Siri, P. W., & Krauss, R. M. (2005) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-005-0062-9 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
An olive oil-rich diet results in higher concentrations of LDL cholesterol and a higher number of LDL subfraction particles than rapeseed oil and sunflower oil diets
Pedersen, A. T., Baumstark, M. W., Marckmann, P., Gylling, H., & Sandström, B. (2000) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)32351-8 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
High intake of cholesterol results in less atherogenic low-density lipoprotein particles in men and women independent of response classification
Herron, K. L., Lofgren, I. E., Sharman, M. J., Volek, J. S., & Fernández, M. L. (2004) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2003.12.030 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Diet and syndrome X
Reaven, G. M. (2000) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-000-0050-z · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Dietary management of the metabolic syndrome beyond macronutrients
Minich, D. M., & Bland, J. S. (2008) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00075.x · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Advanced Lipoprotein Testing and Subfractionation Are Clinically Useful
Superko, H. R. (2009) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.108.809582 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Reduced LDL particle size in children consuming a very-low-fat diet is related to parental LDL-subclass patterns
Dreon, D. M., Fernstrom, H. A., Williams, P. T., & Krauss, R. M. (2000) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/71.6.1611 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Saturated Fats: A Perspective from Lactation and Milk Composition
German, J. B., & Dillard, C. J. (2010) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/s11745-010-3445-9 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“The long-term health benefits of consuming a low-fat diet—particularly taking into account the variation in human responses—have not been proven and, to the contrary, some individuals move their risk profile, even for heart disease, in an adverse direction [17, 18].”
Background
The effect of fiber-rich carbohydrates on features of Syndrome X
Davy, B. M., & Melby, C. L. (2003) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1053/jada.2003.50005 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Dietary Mono- and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Similarly Affect LDL Size in Healthy Men and Women
Kratz, M., Gülbahçe, E., von Eckardstein, A., Cullen, P., Cignarella, A., Assmann, G., & Wahrburg, U. (2002) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/132.4.715 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
SC-435, an ileal apical sodium co-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) inhibitor lowers plasma cholesterol and reduces atherosclerosis in guinea pigs
West, K. L., Zern, T. L., Butteiger, D. N., Keller, B. T., & Fernández, M. L. (2003) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2003.08.019 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“Alternatively, it has been shown that large LDL particles have a reduced affinity for the LDL receptor compared to intermediate sized LDL [41].”
Background
Dietary fats and immune status in athletes: clinical implications
VENKATRAMAN, J. T., LEDDY, J., & PENDERGAST, D. (2000) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200007001-00003 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
High-Density Lipoprotein Proteomic Composition, and not Efflux Capacity, Reflects Differential Modulation of Reverse Cholesterol Transport by Saturated and Monounsaturated Fat Diets
O'Reilly, M. E., Dillon, E., Guo, W., Finucane, O. M., McMorrow, A. M., Murphy, A. M., Lyons, C. L., Jones, D. P., Ryan, M., Gibney, M. J., et al. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.115.020278 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Human obesity is associated with reduced HDL-C, whereas HFD-induced obesity in mouse models increases HDL-C.”
BackgroundInfluential
Insulin Resistance, Dyslipidemia, and Cardiovascular Disease
Bloomgarden, Z. T. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc07-zb08 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
LDL Subclass Patterns and Lipoprotein Response to a Low-Fat, High-Carbohydrate Diet in Women
Dreon, D. M., Fernstrom, H. A., Williams, P. T., & Krauss, R. M. (1997) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.17.4.707 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Combined effects of a dietary portfolio of plant sterols, vegetable protein, viscous fibre and almonds on LDL particle size
Lamarche, B., Desroches, S., Jenkins, D. J. A., Kendall, C. W. C., Marchie, A., Faulkner, D. A., Vidgen, E., Lapsley, K. G., Trautwein, E. A., Parker, T. L., et al. (2004) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn20041241 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“…weight changes induced by exercise or diet were important determinants of concurrent changes in LDL-PPD (Williams et al. 1990) and that individuals with a predominance of small LDL experienced a greater responsiveness to dietary changes (Krauss & Dreon, 1995) and weight loss (Purnell et al. 2000).”
Background
The Effect of Dietary Fat on LDL Size Is Influenced by Apolipoprotein E Genotype in Healthy Subjects
Moreno, J. A., Pérez‐Jiménez, F., Marı́n, C., Gómez, P., Pérez‐Martínez, P., Moreno‐Luna, R., Bellido, C., Fuentes, F. J., & López‐Miranda, J. (2004) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/134.10.2517 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Lowering Dietary Saturated Fat and Total Fat Reduces the Oxidative Susceptibility of LDL in Healthy Men and Women
Yu-Poth, S., Etherton, T. D., Reddy, C. C., Pearson, T. A., Reed, R. G., Zhao, G., Jonnalagadda, S. S., Wan, Y., & Kris‐Etherton, P. M. (2000) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/130.9.2228 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Soy Protein Favorably Affects LDL Size Independently of Isoflavones in Hypercholesterolemic Men and Women
Desroches, S., Mauger, J., Lamarche, B., Ausman, L. M., & Lichtenstein, A. H. (2004) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/134.3.574 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Because small, dense LDL particles have been associated with an increased CVD risk (13–15), results of the present study suggest a beneficial effect of soy protein on the CVD risk profile and further confirm results observed in other nutritional studies in which individuals with smaller LDL-PPD appear to respond more…”
Result
Lifestyle Changes: Effect of Diet, Exercise, Functional Food, and Obesity Treatment on Lipids and Lipoproteins
Enkhmaa, B., Surampudi, P. N., Anuurad, E., & Berglund, L. (2015) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Effect of Low and High Fat Diets on Nutrient Intakes and Selected Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Sedentary Men and Women
Meksawan, K., Pendergast, D. R., Leddy, J. J., Mason, M., Horvath, P. J., & Awad, A. B. (2004) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2004.10719353 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Isocaloric substitution of dietary carbohydrates for fats may result in a qualitative shift to smaller, more atherogenic LDL particles (LDL pattern B) [64].”
Background
Comparison of the effects of four commercially available weight-loss programmes on lipid-based cardiovascular risk factors
Morgan, L., Griffin, B., Millward, D., DeLooy, A., Fox, K., Baic, S., Bonham, M., Wallace, J., MacDonald, I., Taylor, M., et al. (2009) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980008003236 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“There is evidence to suggest that the cholesterol-lowering effect of both low-fat (high-carbohydrate) and high-fat (low-carbohydrate) diets is much greater in people with a small, dense LDL phenotype((11)).”
Background
Effect of short-term low- and high-fat diets on low-density lipoprotein particle size in normolipidemic subjects
Guay, V., Lamarche, B., Charest, A., Tremblay, A. J., & Couture, P. (2012) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2011.06.002 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Furthermore, it iswell recognized that diets high in saturated fat and cholesterol cause progressive elevations in LDL particle size because of an increase in cholesterol ester content [39-41].”
Background
Monounsaturated Fat and Cardiovascular Risk
López‐Miranda, J., Badimón, L., Bonanome, A., Lairon, D., Kris‐Etherton, P. M., Mata, P., & Pérez‐Jiménez, F. (2006) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2006.tb00259.x · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Effect of interaction betweenPPARG,PPARAandADIPOQgene variants and dietary fatty acids on plasma lipid profile and adiponectin concentration in a large intervention study
AlSaleh, A. F. F., Sanders, T. A. B., & O’Dell, S. D. (2011) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665111003181 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“P ro ce ed in gs o f th e N u tr it io n So ci et y sdLDL((82)).”
Background
Saturated Fat: Part of a Healthy Diet
Gershuni, V. M. (2018) · Current Nutrition Reports · doi:10.1007/s13668-018-0238-x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Should animal fats be back on the table? A critical review of the human health effects of animal fat
Barendse, W. (2014) · Animal Production Science · doi:10.1071/an13536 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“…in humans, stable pattern A is biased to larger less dense particles, stable pattern B is biased to smaller denser particles, and unstable pattern A, where individuals have pattern A at high fat levels and pattern B at low fat levels (Campos et al. 1995; Krauss and Dreon 1995; Dreon et al. 1999).”
Background
Dietary carbohydrates and triacylglycerol metabolism
Roche, H. M. (1999) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1079/pns19990026 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Effects of high-fat and low-fat diets rich in monounsaturated fatty acids on serum lipids, LDL size and indices of lipid peroxidation in healthy non-obese men and women when consumed under controlled conditions
Egert, S., Kratz, M., Kannenberg, F., Fobker, M., & Wahrburg, U. (2010) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-010-0116-9 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Effect of fish oil supplementation on serum triglycerides, LDL cholesterol and LDL subfractions in hypertriglyceridemic adults
Oelrich, B., Dewell, A., & Gardner, C. D. (2011) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2011.06.003 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“smaller particles (pattern “B”) to larger particles (pattern “A”) [15,39].”
Background
Interaction between the APOC3 gene promoter polymorphisms, saturated fat intake and plasma lipoproteins
Brown, S. (2003) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(03)00293-4 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“The lower LDL cholesterol concentrations observed among the APOC3-455T-625T homozygotes on a low-fat diet were associated with smaller LDL particles, a finding that is consistent with other dietary intervention and population studies [22,26,27].”
Result
Cardiovascular Fitness, Body Composition, and Lipoprotein Lipid Metabolism in Older Men
Goldberg, A. P., Busby‐Whitehead, M. J., Katzel, L. I., Krauss, R. M., Lumpkin, M., & Hagberg, J. M. (2000) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/55.6.m342 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“The lipid and lipoprotein responses to a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet also may depend on the apolipoprotein APO-E and A-IV genotype (20), LDL particle size and density (30), and other gene–diet and environmental interactions that affect CAD risk (31).”
Background
Dietary fat: assessing the evidence in support of a moderate-fat diet; the benchmark based on lipoprotein metabolism
Kris‐Etherton, P. M., Binkoski, A. E., Zhao, G., Coval, S. M., Clemmer, K. F., Hecker, H. D., Jacques, H., & Etherton, T. D. (2002) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1079/pns2002157 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Another possible adverse effect of a low-fat diet has been reported by Krauss & Dreon (1995).”
Background
Normolipidemic Subjects With Low HDL Cholesterol Levels Have Altered HDL Subpopulations
Asztalos, B. F., LeFevre, M. L., Foster, T. A., Tulley, R. T., WINDHAUSER, M. M., Wong, L., & Roheim, P. S. (1997) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.17.10.1885 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Effects of hypocaloric dietary treatment enriched in oleic acid on LDL and HDL subclass distribution in mildly obese women
Zambon, A., Sartore, G., Passera, D., Francini‐Pesenti, F., Bassi, A., Basso, C., Zambon, S., Manzato, E., & Crepaldi, G. (1999) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2796.1999.00550.x · Cited by 36 · see citing works
The effects of fat consumption on low-density lipoprotein particle size in healthy individuals: a narrative review
Froyen, E. (2021) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-021-01501-0 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Soluble fiber and soybean protein reduce atherosclerotic lesions in guinea pigs. Sex and hormonal status determine lesion extension
Cos, E., Ramjiganesh, T., Roy, S., Yoganathan, S., Nicolosi, R. J., & Fernández, M. L. (2001) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/s11745-001-0834-1 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“An association between the number of CE molecules and aortic fatty streak was also observed suggesting a potential role of CE amount in early atherosclerosis development, similar to the observations in nonhuman primates (46).”
BackgroundResult
Dietary fats and oils: Technologies for improving cardiovascular health
Flickinger, B. D., & Huth, P. J. (2004) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-004-0088-4 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Health benefits of monounsaturated fatty acids
López‐Miranda, J., Pérez‐Martínez, P., & Pérez‐Jiménez, F. (2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1533/9781845691073.1.71 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Weight loss associated with reduced intake of carbohydrate reduces the atherogenicity of LDL in premenopausal women
Lofgren, I. E., Zern, T. L., Herron, K. L., West, K. L., Sharman, M. J., Volek, J. S., Shachter, N. S., Koo, S. I., & Fernández, M. L. (2005) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2005.03.019 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Krauss and Dreon [52] reported similar results in 105 healthy men who consumed both high- and low-fat diets using a crossover design.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
APOA1 and APOA4 Gene Polymorphisms Influence the Effects of Dietary Fat on LDL Particle Size and Oxidation in Healthy Young Adults
Gómez, P., Pérez‐Martínez, P., Marı́n, C., Camargo, A., Yubero‐Serrano, E. M., García‐Ríos, A., Rodriguez, F., Delgado‐Lista, J., Pérez‐Jiménez, F., & López‐Miranda, J. (2010) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.109.115964 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Variable lipemic response to dietary soy protein in healthy, normolipemic men
Nilausen, K., & Meinertz, H. (1998) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/68.6.1380s · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“A further problem may be that the cholesterol-lowering diets tend to reduce HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), increase triacylglycerol concentrations (3, 5), and shift the LDL particle size distribution from larger and buoyant to smaller and dense (5), all of which may diminish the beneficial effect of the LDL reduction.”
Background
Low‐fat, monounsaturate‐rich diets reduce susceptibility of low density lipoproteins to peroxidation ex vivo
O’Byrne, D., O’Keefe, S. F., & Shireman, R. B. (1998) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/s11745-998-0190-1 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“In contrast, low-fat diets have reduced the lipid content of LDL (46,47) and promoted the conversion of LDL from pattern A to the more dense pattern B phenotype in some individuals (46).”
Background
Problems with the 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. An Alternative.
DiNicolantonio, J. J., Harcombe, Z., & O’Keefe, J. H. (2016) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Consensus report of the National Medical Association. The role of dairy and dairy nutrients in the diet of African Americans.
Wooten, W. J., & Price, W. (2004) · PubMed Central · Cited by 24 · see citing works
High Carbohydrate and High Monounsaturated Fatty Acid Diets Similarly Affect LDL Electrophoretic Characteristics in Men Who Are Losing Weight
Archer, W. R., St‐Pierre, A., Mauger, J., Corneau, L., Bergeron, N., Lamarche, B., Dériaz, O., Landry, N., Després, J., Bergeron, J., et al. (2003) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/133.10.3124 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Unesterified Plant Sterols and Stanols Do Not Affect LDL Electrophoretic Characteristics in Hypercholesterolemic Subjects
Vanstone, C. A., Jones, P. J. H., Charest, A., Desroches, S., & Lamarche, B. (2004) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/134.3.592 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Cholesterol levels in various LDL subclasses were shown to be influenced by dietary and pharmacologic interventions, particularly those that affect plasma triacylglycerol concentrations (19).”
Background
Nutritional status, genetic susceptibility, and insulin resistance—important precedents to atherosclerosis
McGillicuddy, F. C., & Roche, H. M. (2012) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201100785 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“[31] Krauss, R.”
Background
Genetic, Metabolic, and Dietary Influences on the Atherogenic Lipoprotein Phenotype
Krauss, R. M. (1997) · KARGER eBooks · doi:10.1159/000059581 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Inflammation and its Association with Glucose Disorders and Cardiovascular Disease
Barzilay, J. I., & Freedland, E. S. (2003) · Treatments in Endocrinology · doi:10.2165/00024677-200302020-00002 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Effects of dietary cholesterol on plasma lipoproteins and their subclasses in IDDM patients
Romanò, G., Tilly-Kiesi, M., Patti, L., Taskinen, M., Pacioni, D., Cassader, M., Riccardi, G., & Rivellese, A. A. (1998) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250050889 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“It has also been established that a diet rich in fat and cholesterol increases not only LDL cholesterol levels, but also plasma apoB levels in normal subjects [6, 31].”
Background
Poultry-Based Alternatives for Enhancing the ω3 Fatty Acid Content of American Diets
Elswyk, M. E. V., Hatch, S. D., Stella, G., Mayo, P. K., & Kubena, K. S. (1998) · KARGER eBooks · doi:10.1159/000059657 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Effects of long-term overfeeding on plasma lipoprotein levels in identical twins
Terán-Garcı́a, M., Després, J., Couillard, C., Tremblay, A., & Bouchard, C. (2004) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2003.12.016 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The effect of periodic energy restriction on growth performance, serum biochemical indices, and meat quality in sheep
Song, S., Wu, J., Zhao, S., Casper, D. P., Zhang, L., He, B., Lang, X., Wang, C., Gong, X., Wang, F., et al. (2018) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1093/jas/sky299 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Avances en nutrición molecular: nutrigenómica y/o nutrigenética
Martí, A., Moreno-Aliaga, M. J., Zulet, M. Á., & Martínez, J. A. (2005) · Hispana · Cited by 20 · see citing works
New perspectives on bioactivity of olive oil: evidence from animal models, human interventions and the use of urinary proteomic biomarkers
da Silva, S. R. A., Combet, E., Figueira, M. E., Koeck, T., Mullen, W., & Bronze, M. R. (2015) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665115002323 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“LDL particle size is influenced by type and amount of dietary fat consumed((67)): Low-fat diets lead to a decrease in the size of LDL particles compared with high-fat diets((68)).”
Background
Replacing dietary carbohydrate with protein and fat decreases the concentrations of small LDL and the inflammatory response induced by atherogenic diets in the guinea pig
Sharman, M. J., Fernandez, M. L., Zern, T. L., Torres‐Gonzalez, M., Kraemer, W. J., & Volek, J. S. (2008) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2007.09.008 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“The intrinsic properties of sdLDL particles have been suggested to be biologically responsible for increasing the risk of developing CAD [37–39], with numerous studies reporting that the presence of sdLDL particles is associated with a more than threefold increase in risk of coronary artery disease [38–40].”
Effect of a nutritional intervention promoting the Mediterranean food pattern on electrophoretic characteristics of low-density lipoprotein particles in healthy women from the Québec City metropolitan area
Goulet, J., Lamarche, B., Charest, A., Nadeau, G., Lapointe, A., Desroches, S., & Lemieux, S. (2004) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn20041198 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“A signiﬁcant reduction in the mass of medium and small LDL size subfractions has been observed in healthy men characterised by smaller LDL particles compared with those with larger LDL particles when changing from a high-fat to a low-fat diet (Krauss & Dreon, 1995).”
Dietary and Genetic Effects on LDL Size Measures in Baboons
Singh, A. T. K., Rainwater, D. L., Kammerer, C. M., Sharp, R. M., Poushesh, M., Shelledy, W. R., & VandeBerg, J. L. (1996) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.16.12.1448 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Endogenous and diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in nonhuman primates: effects of age, adiposity, and diabetes on lipoprotein profiles
Shamekh, R., Linden, E. H., Newcomb, J. D., Tigno, X. T., Jen, K. C., Pellizzon, M., & HANSEN, B. C. (2011) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2010.12.012 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Diet and low-density lipoprotein particle size
Desroches, S., & Lamarche, B. (2004) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-004-0086-6 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Recent Dietary Guidelines to Prevent and Treat Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity
Wylie‐Rosett, J., Mossavar‐Rahmani, Y., & Gans, K. M. (2002) · Heart Disease · doi:10.1097/00132580-200207000-00005 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
ISSFAL 2014 Debate: It Is Time to Update Saturated Fat Recommendations
Nettleton, J. A., Legrand, P., & Mensink, R. P. (2015) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000371585 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Phytosterols in nonfat and low-fat beverages have no impact on the LDL size phenotype
Charest, A., Vanstone, C. A., St‐Onge, M., Parson, W., Jones, P. J. H., & Lamarche, B. (2005) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602142 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“LDL particle size is influenced by metabolic and dietary factors that affect plasma TG levels (Dreon et al, 1994; Krauss & Dreon, 1995).”
Background
The effects of saturated fat intake from dairy on CVD markers: the role of food matrices
Dunne, S., Gibney, E. R., McGillicuddy, F. C., & Feeney, E. L. (2024) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665124000132 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Low High‐Density Lipoprotein 3 Reduces the Odds of Men Surviving to Age 85 During 53‐Year Follow‐Up
Williams, P. T. (2012) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03851.x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Another study confirmed that replacing dietary carbohydrates with fat significantly increased HDL3 mass concentrations.(40) In conclusion, components within HDL3, or factors associated with the metabolic state characterized by HDL3 mass greater than the 25th percentile, may promote longevity in men.”
Background
PPARγ2 Gene Pro12Ala and PPARα Gene Leu162Val Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Interact with Dietary Intake of Fat in Determination of Plasma Lipid Concentrations
AlSaleh, A. F. F., Frost, G. S., Griffin, B. A., Lovegrove, J. A., Jebb, S. A., Sanders, T. A. B., O’Dell, S. D., & on behalf of the RISCK Study investigators (2011) · Lifestyle Genomics · doi:10.1159/000336362 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Dietary and Genetic Effects on LDL Heterogeneity
Krauss, R. M. (2001) · KARGER eBooks · doi:10.1159/000059791 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Low Density Lipoproteins Subclassed and Response to a Low-Fat Diet in Healthy Men
Krauss, R. M., & Dreon, D. M. (1994) · eScholarship (California Digital Library)
Low‐density lipoprotein subclass patterns and lipoprotein response to a reduced‐fat diet in men
Dreon, D. M., Fernstrom, H. A., Miller, B., & Krauss, R. M. (1994) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fasebj.8.1.8299884 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Atherogenic Lipoprotein Phenotype and Diet-Gene Interactions
Krauss, R. M. (2001) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/131.2.340s · Cited by 101 · see citing works
A very-low-fat diet is not associated with improved lipoprotein profiles in men with a predominance of large, low-density lipoproteins
Dreon, D. M., Fernstrom, H. A., Williams, P. T., & Krauss, R. M. (1999) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/69.3.411 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
LDL subclass pattern and apolipoprotein E isoform phenotype in lipoprotein response to a reduced-fat diet.
Dreon, D. M., Krauss, R. M., Bray, G. A., & Ryan, D. H. (1996)

Authors: Krauss, R., & Dreon, D.
Venue: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1995-08
Volume: 62
Issue: 2
Pages: 478S-487S
ISSN: 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/62.2.478s
OpenAlex: W2098213415
Cited by: 144
References: 61
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 4.25
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5p01hl018574-26)
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL-18574)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipid metabolism and disorders
Keywords: LDL particle size, low-fat diet, dietary fat reduction, LDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, VLDL, HDL subfractions, HDL3, HDL2, interindividual variability, serum lipoproteins, healthy men
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Apolipoproteins B, Dietary Fats, Humans, Lipids, Cholesterol, HDL, Lipoproteins, LDL, Cholesterol, LDL, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Biological, Regression Analysis, Body Mass Index, Cross-Over Studies, Diet, Fat-Restricted

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Low-density-lipoprotein subclasses and response to a low-fat diet in healthy men

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