Protein in optimal health: heart disease and type 2 diabetes
Open accessAbstract
Diets with increased protein and reduced carbohydrates have been shown to improve body composition, lipid and lipoprotein profiles, and glycemic regulations associated with treatment of obesity and weight loss. Derived from these outcomes, high-protein, low-carbohydrate diets are also being examined for treatment of heart disease, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. High-protein, low-carbohydrate diets have been found to have positive effects on reducing risk factors for heart disease, including reducing serum triacylglycerol, increasing HDL cholesterol, increasing LDL particle size, and reducing blood pressure. These diets appear particularly attractive for use with individuals exhibiting the atherogenic dyslipidemia of metabolic syndrome. High-protein, low-carbohydrate diets have also been investigated for treatment of type 2 diabetes with positive effects on glycemic regulation, including reducing fasting blood glucose, postprandial glucose and insulin responses, and the percentage of glycated hemoglobin. Specific effects of increasing protein compared with reducing carbohydrates have not been extensively investigated. Additional research is needed to determine specific levels of protein, carbohydrate, and fat for optimum health of individuals who differ in age, physical activity, and metabolic phenotypes.
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Dietary protein intake may increase insulin secretion and should not be used to treat hypoglycemia.
“Dietary protein intake may increase insulin secretion and should not be used to treat hypoglycemia (136).”
From 6. Glycemic Goals, Hypoglycemia, and Hyperglycemic Crises: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2026. (2026) · cites this paper as [136]
The section “Protein Intake, Glucose Homeostasis, and Type 2 Diabetes” (pp. 1–4) says dietary protein can stimulate insulin release, particularly in people with type 2 diabetes. It does not address whether protein should be used to treat hypoglycemia (searched: hypoglycemia, treating low blood glucose), so the treatment recommendation is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn individuals with type 2 diabetes, protein intake may enhance or increase the insulin response to dietary carbohydrates.
“In individuals with type 2 diabetes, protein intake may enhance or increase the insulin response to dietary carbohydrates (199).”
From 5. Facilitating Positive Health Behaviors and Well-being to Improve Health Outcomes:<i>Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023</i> (2023) · cites this paper as [199]
In type 2 diabetes, ingested protein may increase insulin response without increasing plasma glucose concentrations.
“In type 2 diabetes, ingested protein may increase insulin response without increasing plasma glucose concentrations (101).”
From 6. Glycemic Targets: <i>Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023</i> (2023) · cites this paper as [101]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Layman, D. K., Clifton, P., Gannon, M. C., Krauss, R. M., & Nuttall, F. Q.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (AU)
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
- UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Layman, Donald K
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-05
- Volume
- 87
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1571S-1575S
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1872792734
- Cited by
- 142
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 7.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- high-protein low-carbohydrate diet, heart disease, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, HDL cholesterol, LDL particle size, blood pressure, glycemic regulation, insulin response, atherogenic dyslipidemia, obesity, weight loss
- MeSH terms
- Blood Glucose, Blood Pressure, Cholesterol, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Dietary Proteins, Heart Diseases, Humans, Weight Loss, Lipid Metabolism, Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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