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Nutritional risk predictors of β cell autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes at a young age
Open accessAbstract
Type 1 diabetes is an immune-mediated disease characterized by a preclinical prodrome during which beta cell autoimmunity proceeds at a variable rate. Large geographic differences and a conspicuous increase in incidence, especially among young children since the 1950s, and the relatively low concordance in identical twins are factors that favor a critical role of environmental factors in the etiology of this disease. Only approximately 5% or fewer subjects with HLA-conferred genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes actually develop the clinical disease. Breastfeeding, nicotinamide, zinc, and vitamins C, D, and E have been reported as possibly protecting against type 1 diabetes, whereas N-nitroso compounds, cow milk, increased linear growth, and obesity may increase the risk. Thus far, only the significance of infant feeding, cow milk, and vitamin D have been studied in both case-control and cohort settings. The major shortcoming of most studies done so far is that only single dietary exposures have been assessed at single time points. Putative nutritional and other confounding factors have received little attention as have the limitations of the dietary methods used. There is little firm evidence of the significance of nutritional factors in the etiology of type 1 diabetes. The availability of good markers of preclinical type 1 diabetes and of genetic risk have decreased the sample sizes needed and made longitudinal cohort studies of the assessment of children's diets feasible.
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“Although 90–95% of young children with T1D carry either or both susceptibility haplotypes, approximately 5% or fewer persons with HLA-conferred genetic susceptibility actually develop clinical disease42.”
From Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes (2010) · cites this paper as [42]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Virtanen, S. M., & Knip, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Virtanen, Suvi M
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-12
- Volume
- 78
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1053-1067
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1937546065
- Cited by
- 220
- References
- 221
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 1.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- type 1 diabetes, islet autoimmunity, nutritional risk factors, infant feeding, breastfeeding, cow's milk, vitamin D, preclinical type 1 diabetes, environmental risk factors, dietary exposure assessment, children's diet
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Breast Feeding, Child, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Environmental Exposure, HLA Antigens, Humans, Islets of Langerhans, Milk, Risk Factors, Cohort Studies, Weight Gain, Autoimmunity, Case-Control Studies, Genetic Predisposition to Disease
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