Breast-v.formula-feeding: impacts on the digestive tract and immediate and long-term health effects
Open accessAbstract
The health benefits of breast-feeding have been recognised for a long time. In particular, breast-feeding is associated with lower incidence of necrotising enterocolitis and diarrhoea during the early period of life and with lower incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases, type 2 diabetes and obesity later in life. The higher nutritional and protective degree of human milk is related to its nutritional composition that changes over the lactation period and to the biological activities of specific components while lower growth rate of breast-fed infants may be attributed to their self-regulation of milk intake at a lower level than formula-fed infants. Many results now suggest that the developmental changes in intestinal and pancreatic function that occur postnatally are modulated by the diet. Indeed, formula-feeding induces intestinal hypertrophy and accelerates maturation of hydrolysis capacities; it increases intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation, but does not induce evident differences in microbiota composition. Whether these changes would be beneficial for enhancing absorptive capacities and for educating the gut-associated immune system remains to be further studied. Moreover, it is evident that formula-feeding increases basal blood glucose and decreases plasma ketone body concentrations, while discrepancies on postprandial glycaemia, insulin and incretin responses in both human studies and experimental studies are inconclusive. Manipulating the composition of formula, by reducing protein content, adding prebiotics, growth factors or secretory IgA can modulate intestinal and pancreatic function development, and thereby may reduce the differential responses between breast-fed and formula-fed neonates. However, the developmental responses of the digestive tract to different feeding strategies must be elucidated in terms of sensitivity to developing diseases, taking into account the major role of the intestinal microbiota.
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Human milk contains bioactive compounds that contribute to nutrient absorption and digestion, immune protection, and defense against potentially pathogenic gut microbes.
“there are important bioactive compounds in human milk that contribute to physiologic functions such as absorption and digestion of nutrients, immune protection, and defense against potentially pathogenic gut microbes8, 9.”
From Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease (2014) · cites this paper as [8]
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- Authors
- Le Huërou-Luron, I., Blat, S., & Boudry, G.
- Affiliations
- Institut Agro Rennes-Angers (FR)
- Venue
- Nutrition Research Reviews
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2010-05-10
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 23-36
- ISSN
- 0954-4224 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2700
- OpenAlex
- W2071698268
- Cited by
- 407
- References
- 124
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 22.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nutrition Research Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Infant Nutrition and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Breastfeeding Practices and Influences
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Keywords
- breastfeeding, bottle feeding, infant nutrition, breast milk, intestinal development, pancreatic development, intestinal permeability, bacterial translocation, gut microbiota, postprandial glycaemia, insulin response, incretins, prebiotics, secretory IgA, necrotizing enterocolitis, diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity, infant growth
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Blood Glucose, Breast Feeding, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diarrhea, Digestive System, Female, Health Promotion, Health Status, Humans, Infant, Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Infant, Newborn, Intestines, Ketone Bodies, Milk, Human, Nutritive Value, Obesity, Pancreas, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Weight Gain, Enterocolitis, Necrotizing, Infant Formula
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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