Incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes worldwide. Diabetes Mondiale (DiaMond) Project Group
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To investigate and monitor the patterns in incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes worldwide. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The incidence of type 1 diabetes (per 100,000 per year) from 1990 to 1994 was determined in children < or =14 years of age from 100 centers in 50 countries. A total of 19,164 cases were diagnosed in study populations totaling 75.1 million children. The annual incidence rates were calculated per 100,000 population. RESULTS: The overall age-adjusted incidence of type 1 diabetes varied from 0.1/100,000 per year in China and Venezuela to 36.8/100,000 per year in Sardinia and 36.5/100,000 per year in Finland. This represents a >350-fold variation in the incidence among the 100 populations worldwide. The global pattern of variation in incidence was evaluated by arbitrarily grouping the populations with a very low (<1/100,000 per year), a low (1-4.99/100,000 per year), an intermediate (5-9.99/100,000 per year), a high (10-19.99/100,000 per year), and a very high (> or =20/100,000 per year) incidence. Of the European populations, 18 of 39 had an intermediate incidence, and the remainder had a high or very high incidence. A very high incidence (> or =20/ 100,000 per year) was found in Sardinia, Finland, Sweden, Norway Portugal, the U.K., Canada, and New Zealand. The lowest incidence (<1/100,000 per year) was found in the populations from China and South America. In most populations, the incidence increased with age and was the highest among children 10-14 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: The range of global variation in the incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes is even larger than previously described. The earlier reported polar-equatorial gradient in the incidence does not seem to be as strong as previously assumed, but the variation seems to follow ethnic and racial distribution in the world population.
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According to large epidemiologic studies, the incidence of type 1 diabetes has been rising by 2-5% worldwide.
“Data from large epidemiologic studies worldwide indicate that the incidence of T1D has been increasing by 2–5% worldwide”
From Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes (2010) · cites this paper as [9]
The lowest type 1 diabetes incidence in DIAMOND was below 1 per 100,000 per year in China and South America, while the highest exceeded 20 per 100,000 per year in Sardinia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Portugal, the UK, Canada, and New Zealand.
“The lowest incidence (<1/100,000 per year) was reported in the populations from China and South America and the highest incidence (>20/100,000 per year) was reported in Sardinia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Portugal, the UK, Canada, and New Zealand.”
From Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes (2010) · cites this paper as [9]
In most DIAMOND populations, type 1 diabetes incidence increased with age and was highest in 10-14 year olds.
“The incidence of T1D increased with age in most populations with the highest incidence observed in the 10–14 year olds.”
From Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes (2010) · cites this paper as [9]
US populations in the DIAMOND study from Pennsylvania, Alabama, and Illinois had type 1 diabetes incidences of 10-20 per 100,000 per year.
“The US populations included in the DIAMOND study were drawn from the states of Pennsylvania, Alabama, and Illinois reported incidences of 10–20/100,000 per year.”
From Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes (2010) · cites this paper as [9]
Within-country variation in type 1 diabetes incidence was reported, with rates 3-5 times higher in Sardinia than continental Italy and similar variation within Portugal, New Zealand, and China.
“Within country variation was also reported with rates 3–5 times higher in Sardinia than in continental Italy, with similar variation reported within Portugal, New Zealand, and China.”
From Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes (2010) · cites this paper as [9]
A statistically significant male-to-female excess in type 1 diabetes incidence was reported in 3 centers, and no population reported a female excess.
“A statistically significant male-to-female excess in incidence was reported in 3 centers, but no populations reported a female excess.”
From Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes (2010) · cites this paper as [9]
The DIAMOND project found more than a 350-fold difference in type 1 diabetes incidence among 100 populations worldwide, with age-adjusted rates from 0.1 per 100,000 per year in China and Venezuela to 36.5 per 100,000 in Finland and 36.8 per 100,000 in Sardinia.
“A greater than 350-fold difference in the incidence of T1D among the 100 populations worldwide was reported with age-adjusted incidences ranging from a low of 0.1/100,000 per year in China and Venezuela to a high of 36.5/100,000 in Finland and 36.8/100,000 per year in Sardinia.”
From Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes (2010) · cites this paper as [9]
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- Authors
- Karvonen, M., Viik-Kajander, M., Moltchanova, E., Libman, I., LaPorte, R., & Tuomilehto, J.
- Affiliations
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland. marjatta.karvonen@ktl.fi
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2000-10-01
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1516-1526
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- OpenAlex
- W2115209313
- Cited by
- 1,072
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 41 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 52 · 2014: 66 · 2013: 54 · 2012: 65
- FWCI
- 15.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- World Health Organization
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- type 1 diabetes, pediatric diabetes, incidence, global variation, racial and ethnic differences, age distribution, Sardinia, Finland, cross-national comparison
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Child, Preschool, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Global Health, World Health Organization, Incidence, Age Distribution
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