The DOI matches its Crossref record; 57 of the 57 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effects of walnut consumption on blood lipids and other cardiovascular risk factors: an updated meta-analysis and systematic review of controlled trials
Open accessAbstract
Background Intervention studies suggest that incorporating walnuts into the diet may improve blood lipids without promoting weight gain.Objective We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials evaluating the effects of walnut consumption on blood lipids and other cardiovascular risk factors.Design We conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed and EMBASE databases (from database inception to January 2018) of clinical trials comparing walnut-enriched diets with control diets. We performed random-effects meta-analyses comparing walnut-enriched and control diets for changes in pre-post intervention in blood lipids (mmol/L), apolipoproteins (mg/dL), body weight (kg), and blood pressure (mm Hg).Results Twenty-six clinical trials with a total of 1059 participants were included. The following weighted mean differences (WMDs) in reductions were obtained for walnut-enriched diets compared with control groups: -6.99 mg/dL (95% CI: -9.39, -4.58 mg/dL; P < 0.001) (3.25% greater reduction) for total blood cholesterol (TC) and -5.51 mg/dL (95% CI: -7.72, -3.29 mg/dL; P < 0.001) (3.73% greater reduction) for low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Triglyceride concentrations were also reduced in walnut-enriched diets compared with control [WMD = -4.69 (95% CI: -8.93, -0.45); P = 0.03; 5.52% greater reduction]. More pronounced reductions in blood lipids were observed when walnut interventions were compared with American and Western diets [WMD for TC = -12.30 (95% CI: -23.17, -1.43) and for LDL = -8.28 (95% CI: -13.04, -3.51); P < 0.001]. Apolipoprotein B (mg/dL) was also reduced significantly more on walnut-enriched diets compared with control groups [WMD = -3.74 (95% CI: -6.51, -0.97); P = 0.008] and a trend towards a reduction was observed for apolipoprotein A [WMD = -2.91 (95% CI: -5.98, 0.08); P = 0.057]. Walnut-enriched diets did not lead to significant differences in weight change (kg) compared with control diets [WMD = -0.12 (95% CI: -2.12, 1.88); P = 0.90], systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) [WMD = -0.72 (95% CI: -2.75, 1.30); P = 0.48], or diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) [WMD = -0.10 (95% CI: -1.49, 1.30); P = 0.88].Conclusions Incorporating walnuts into the diet improved blood lipid profile without adversely affecting body weight or blood pressure.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), in forms of olive oil, nuts and seeds in plant-based dietary regimens, may function as the driving force for the amelioration of glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, blood lipids and CVD risk, observed either in diabetic individuals [17,40,41] or in the general population [42].”
From Mediterranean diet nutrients to turn the tide against insulin resistance and related diseases (2020) · cites this paper as [40]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
2 retracted
RETRACTED: Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet
Estruch, R., Ros, E., Salas-Salvadó, J., Covas, M.-I., Corella, D., Arós, F., Gómez-Gracia, E., Ruiz-Gutiérrez, V., Fiol, M., Lapetra, J., et al. (2013) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1200303 · Cited by 4,257
Self-citationRetractedEstruch, R., Ros, E., Salas-Salvadó, J., Covas, M.-I., Corella, D., Arós, F., Gómez-Gracia, E., Ruiz-Gutiérrez, V., Fiol, M., Lapetra, J., et al. (2018) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc1806491 · Cited by 1,008
Self-citationRetractedBias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test
Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629 · Cited by 56,722
Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: Is blinding necessary?
Jadad, A. R., Moore, R. A., Carroll, D., Jenkinson, C., Reynolds, D. J. M., Gavaghan, D. J., & McQuay, H. J. (1996) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(95)00134-4 · Cited by 17,582
Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias
Begg, C. B., & Mazumdar, M. (1994) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2533446 · Cited by 16,955
Zhang, Q., Wang, C., Zheng, M., Li, Y., Li, J., Zhang, L., Shang, X., & Yan, C. (2014) · Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1159/000369778 · Cited by 11,609
Self-citationDong, Y., Hao, L., Shi, Z., Wang, G., Zhang, Z., & Han, C. (2013) · Urologia Internationalis · doi:10.1159/000351405 · Cited by 4,557
Zhao, G., Etherton, T. D., Martin, K. R., West, S. G., Gillies, P. J., & Kris‐Etherton, P. M. (2004) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/134.11.2991 · Cited by 532
A Walnut Diet Improves Endothelial Function in Hypercholesterolemic Subjects
Ros, E., Núñez, I., Pérez-Heras, A., Serra, M., Gilabert, R., Casals, E., & Deulofeu, R. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000124477.91474.ff · Cited by 472
Effect of a Traditional Mediterranean Diet on Lipoprotein Oxidation: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Fitó, M., Guxens, M., Corella, D., Sáez, G., Estruch, R., de la Torre, R., Francés, F., Cabezas, C., López-Sabater, M. D. C., Marrugat, J., et al. (2007) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.167.11.1195 · Cited by 448
Self-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Guasch-Ferré, M., Satija, A., Blondin, S. A., Janiszewski, M., Emlen, E., O’Connor, L. E., Campbell, W. W., Hu, F. B., Willett, W. C., & Stampfer, M. J. (2019) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.118.035225 · Cited by 304
Self-citationMediterranean diet nutrients to turn the tide against insulin resistance and related diseases
Mirabelli, M., Chiefari, E., Arcidiacono, B., Corigliano, D. M., Brunetti, F. S., Maggisano, V., Russo, D., Foti, D. P., & Brunetti, A. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12041066 · Cited by 272
“Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), in forms of olive oil, nuts and seeds in plant-based dietary regimens, may function as the driving force for the amelioration of glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, blood lipids and CVD risk, observed either in diabetic individuals [17,4…”
BackgroundChanges in Plant-Based Diet Quality and Total and Cause-Specific Mortality
Baden, M. Y., Liu, G., Satija, A., Li, Y., Sun, Q., Fung, T. T., Rimm, E. B., Willett, W. C., Hu, F. B., & Bhupathiraju, S. N. (2019) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.119.041014 · Cited by 241
Self-citationGrosso, G., Godos, J., Currenti, W., Micek, A., Falzone, L., Libra, M., Giampieri, F., Forbes-Hernández, T. Y., Quiles, J. L., Battino, M. A., et al. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14030545 · Cited by 174
Impact of α-Linolenic Acid, the Vegetable ω-3 Fatty Acid, on Cardiovascular Disease and Cognition
Sala‐Vila, A., Fleming, J. A., Kris‐Etherton, P. M., & Ros, E. (2022) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmac016 · Cited by 166
Metadata
- Authors
- Guasch-Ferré, M., Li, J., Hu, F. B., Salas-Salvadó, J., & Tobias, D. K.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-07
- Volume
- 108
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 174-187
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6862936
- OpenAlex
- W2809402472
- Cited by
- 147
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 2.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- American Diabetes Association (9-17-CMF-011)
- Pfizer
- National Institutes of Health (DK46200)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK046200)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nuts composition and effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Keywords
- walnut consumption, serum lipids, cardiovascular risk factors, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein(a), body weight, blood pressure, dietary intervention, weight gain, Western diet, American diet, Mediterranean diet
- MeSH terms
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Humans, Lipids, Nuts, Risk Factors, Juglans
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
