The DOI matches its Crossref record; 8 of the 8 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Comparative Validation of the Block, Willett, and National Cancer Institute Food Frequency Questionnaires
Open accessAbstract
Researchers at the National Cancer Institute developed a new cognitively based food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), the Diet History Questionnaire (DHQ). The Eating at America's Table Study sought to validate and compare the DHQ with the Block and Willett FFQs. Of 1,640 men and women recruited to participate from a nationally representative sample in 1997, 1,301 completed four telephone 24-hour recalls, one in each season. Participants were randomized to receive either a DHQ and Block FFQ or a DHQ and Willett FFQ. With a standard measurement error model, correlations for energy between estimated truth and the DHQ, Block FFQ, and Willett FFQ, respectively, were 0.48, 0.45, and 0.18 for women and 0.49, 0.45, and 0.21 for men. For 26 nutrients, correlations and attenuation coefficients were somewhat higher for the DHQ versus the Block FFQ, and both were better than the Willett FFQ in models unadjusted for energy. Energy adjustment increased correlations and attenuation coefficients for the Willett FFQ dramatically and for the DHQ and Block FFQ instruments modestly. The DHQ performed best overall. These data show that the DHQ and the Block FFQ are better at estimating absolute intakes than is the Willett FFQ but that, after energy adjustment, all three are more comparable for purposes of assessing diet-disease risk.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples)
SHAPIRO, S. S., & WILK, M. B. (1965) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/52.3-4.591 · Cited by 23,480
Willett, W. C. (1998) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195122978.001.0001 · Cited by 4,541
Reproducibility and validity of a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire
WILLETT, W. C., SAMPSON, L., STAMPFER, M. J., ROSNER, B., BAIN, C., WITSCHI, J., HENNEKENS, C. H., & SPEIZER, F. E. (1985) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114086 · Cited by 4,274
Rimm, E. B., Giovannucci, E. L., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G. A., Litin, L. B., & Willett, W. C. (1992) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116211 · Cited by 2,104
Validation of a self-administered diet history questionnaire using multiple diet records
Block, G., Woods, M., Potosky, A., & Clifford, C. (1990) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(90)90099-b · Cited by 1,197
Accuracy of weighed dietary records in studies of diet and health.
Livingstone, M. B., Prentice, A. M., Strain, J. J., Coward, W. A., Black, A. E., Barker, M. E., McKenna, P. G., & Whitehead, R. G. (1990) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.300.6726.708 · Cited by 455
Munger, R. G., Folsom, A. R., Kushi, L. H., Kaye, S. A., & Sellers, T. A. (1992) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116485 · Cited by 353
Dietary sources of nutrients among US adults, 1989 to 1991
SUBAR, A. F., KREBS-SMITH, S. M., COOK, A., & KAHLE, L. L. (1998) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(98)00122-9 · Cited by 227
Self-citation
Cited by
Forouzanfar, M. H., Afshin, A., Alexander, L. T., Anderson, H. R., Bhutta, Z. A., Biryukov, S., Brauer, M., Burnett, R., Cercy, K., Charlson, F. J., et al. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31679-8 · Cited by 7,698
Gender differences in food choice: The contribution of health beliefs and dieting
Wardle, J., Haase, A. M., Steptoe, A., Nillapun, M., Jonwutiwes, K., & Bellisie, F. (2004) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15324796abm2702_5 · Cited by 1,358
Subar, A. F. (2003) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwg092 · Cited by 1,070
Self-citationFernández-Ballart, J. D., Piñol, J. L., Zazpe, I., Corella, D., Carrasco, P., Toledo, E., Perez-Bauer, M., Martínez-González, M. Á., Salas-Salvadó, J., & Martín-Moreno, J. M. (2010) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114509993837 · Cited by 898
Jakicic, J. M., Davis, K. K., Rogers, R. J., King, W. C., Marcus, M. D., Helsel, D., Rickman, A. D., Wahed, A. S., & Belle, S. H. (2016) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2016.12858 · Cited by 621
Metadata
- Authors
- Subar, A. F., Thompson, F. E., Kipnis, V., Midthune, D., Hurwitz, P., McNutt, S., McIntosh, A., & Rosenfeld, S.
- Venue
- American Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2001-12-15
- Volume
- 154
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1089-1099
- ISSN
- 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-6256
- OpenAlex
- W2087279974
- Cited by
- 1,401
- References
- 8
- FWCI
- 21.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Comparative Validation of the Block, Willett, and National Cancer Institute Food Frequency Questionnaires. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1093/aje/154.12.1089
- The paper
- Subar, A. F., Thompson, F. E., Kipnis, V., Midthune, D., Hurwitz, P., McNutt, S., McIntosh, A., & Rosenfeld, S. (2001). Comparative Validation of the Block, Willett, and National Cancer Institute Food Frequency Questionnaires. American Journal of Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/154.12.1089
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.