Maternal Fatty Acid Status During Pregnancy and Child Autistic Traits: The Generation R Study
Abstract
ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids are important for brain function and development. We examined whether maternal polyunsaturated fatty acid status during pregnancy affects risk of autistic traits in childhood. Within the Generation R cohort, we measured maternal plasma polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations and the ω-3:ω-6 ratio in midpregnancy (Rotterdam, the Netherlands, 2001-2005). Child autistic traits at 6 years were assessed by using the Social Responsiveness Scale short form in 4,624 children. A lower maternal ω-3:ω-6 ratio during pregnancy was associated with more autistic traits in the offspring (β = -0.008, 95% confidence interval: -0.016, -0.001). In particular, a higher total ω-6 and linoleic acid status were associated with more autistic traits (all P's < 0.05). Associations were independent of child intelligence, suggesting that the fatty acid distribution specifically affects the development of autistic traits in addition to general neurodevelopment. Maternal plasma ω-3 status was not associated with child autistic traits and, consistently, neither was prenatal dietary fish intake. Our study shows that a lower prenatal ω-3:ω-6 ratio is associated with more child autistic traits, which is largely accounted for by higher ω-6 instead of lower ω-3 status. These results suggest a biological pathway between maternal fatty acid intake during pregnancy and autistic traits in the offspring.
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This research is equally counterbalanced, with two studies each both identifying and failing to identify an association between maternal omega 3/omega 6 intake or status and autism related outcomes.
“This research is equally counterbalanced, with two studies each both identifying and failing to identify an association between maternal omega 3/omega 6 intake or status and autism related outcomes [240–242].”
From The contribution of environmental exposure to the etiology of autism spectrum disorder (2019) · cites this paper as [241]
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Bostwick, A., Snyder, N. W., Windham, G. C., Whitman, C., Pearl, M., Robinson, L., Newschaffer, C. J., & Lyall, K. (2020) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2365 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Environmental Risk Factors for Autism
Mathew, L., Kauffman, E. M., Schmidt, R. J., Hertz‐Picciotto, I., & Lyall, K. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6435-8_102054-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Lifestyle Medicine in Pregnancy: Preventing Chronic Disease Through Early Programming
Șușan, R. M., & Șușan, M. M. (2025) · Obstetrics and gynecology. · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1013786
- Authors
- Steenweg-de Graaff, J., Tiemeier, H., Ghassabian, A., Rijlaarsdam, J., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Verhulst, F. C., & Roza, S. J.
- Affiliations
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Roza, Sabine J.
- ORCID
- Venue
- American Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2016-04-06
- Volume
- 183
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 792-799
- ISSN
- 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-6256
- OpenAlex
- W2333779581
- Cited by
- 49
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2025: 7 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 3.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Keywords
- n-6/n-3 ratio, omega-6 fatty acids, linoleic acid, autistic traits, autism spectrum disorder, prenatal nutrition, fish consumption, child neurodevelopment, Social Responsiveness Scale
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Animals, Autistic Disorder, Child, Diet, Female, Fishes, Humans, Intelligence Tests, Male, Netherlands, Pregnancy, Prospective Studies, Fatty Acids, Omega-3, Maternal Exposure, Fatty Acids, Omega-6
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