The Pillbox Test: An Ecological Measure of Executive Functioning and Estimate of Medication Management Abilities
Abstract
Studies indicate that executive functioning (EF) is a strong predictor of everyday function. However, assessment can be problematic as no single standardized instrument is known to measure all EF domains simultaneously. Thus, the Pillbox Test was developed as a new measure tapping four EF factors through the real-time assessment of medication management, a complex instrumental activity of daily living. The Pillbox Test showed good criterion-related validity and was effective in differentiating graduated levels of executive dysfunction between a mixed neurological group, medical control group, and healthy community control group. This test also showed good convergent validity as it correlated significantly in expected directions with established EF measures in all four of selected EF domains and the Direct Assessment of Functional Status. Finally, a receiver operator characteristic curve found a sensitivity of 75% and specificity of 87.5%, suggesting that the Pillbox Test is a promising new ecological measure of EF.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The conceptualization of EV has morphed over the years to confound EV with face validity.
“However, this conceptualization appears to have morphed over the years to confound EV with face validity.”
From Conceptualization of the term 'ecological validity' in neuropsychological research on executive function assessment: a systematic review and call to action (2024) · cites this paper as Zartman et al., 2013
The notion that highly naturalistic tests can be assumed to be ecologically valid has been repeatedly propagated in the literature.
“Indeed, as reviewed above, the notion that highly naturalistic tests can be assumed to be ecologically valid has been repeatedly propagated in the literature (Burgess et al., 1998; Zartman et al., 2013).”
From Conceptualization of the term 'ecological validity' in neuropsychological research on executive function assessment: a systematic review and call to action (2024) · cites this paper as Zartman et al., 2013
Cites
Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1006/cogp.1999.0734 · Cited by 15,798 · see citing works
Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report
Yesavage, J. A., Brink, T. L., Rose, T. L., Lum, O., Huang, V., Adey, M., & Leirer, V. O. (1982) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(82)90033-4 · Cited by 15,025 · see citing works
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III
Ryan, J. J., & Lopez, S. J. (2001) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1185-4_2 · Cited by 3,680 · see citing works
The Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological test battery: Theory and clinical interpretation
Reitan, R. M., & Wolfson, D. E. (1993) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,413 · see citing works
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Manual – Revised and Expanded
Heaton, R. K., Chelune, C., Talley, J., Kay, G., & Curtiss, G. (1981) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,975 · see citing works
(1995) · Cited by 2,809 · see citing works
Le test de copie d'une figure complexe
Osterrieth, P. M. (1944) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,337 · see citing works
Grant, D. A., & Berg, E. (1948) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0059831 · Cited by 2,244 · see citing works
Neuropsychological assessment, 4th ed.
Lezak, M. D., Howieson, D. B., Loring, D. W., Hannay, H. J., & Fischer, J. S. (2004) · Cited by 1,934 · see citing works
Stroop Color and Word Test: Manual for Clinical and Experimental Uses.
Golden, C. J., Golden, C. J., & Golden, C. (1978) · NSUWorks (Nova Southeastern University) · Cited by 1,814 · see citing works
Differential behavioral effects in frontal lobe disease
Benton, A. (1968) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(68)90038-9 · Cited by 1,575 · see citing works
Assessment of executive functions: Review of instruments and identification of critical issues.
CHAN, R., SHUM, D., TOULOPOULOU, T., & CHEN, E. (2008) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1016/j.acn.2007.08.010 · Cited by 1,401 · see citing works
Executive Functioning as a Potential Mediator of Age-Related Cognitive Decline in Normal Adults.
Salthouse, T. A., Atkinson, T. M., & Berish, D. E. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.132.4.566 · Cited by 1,057 · see citing works
Abramowitz, J. S., Taylor, S., & McKay, D. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60240-3 · Cited by 1,002 · see citing works
Design fluency: The invention of nonsense drawings after focal cortical lesions
Jones‐Gotman, M., & Milner, B. A. (1977) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(77)90070-7 · Cited by 593 · see citing works
Newman, A. B., Fitzpatrick, A. L., Lopez, O., Jackson, S., Lyketsos, C., Jagust, W., Ives, D., DeKosky, S. T., & Kuller, L. H. (2005) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53360.x · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Organizational strategies mediate nonverbal memory impairment in obsessive–compulsive disorder
Savage, C. R., Baer, L., Keuthen, N. J., Brown, H. D., Rauch, S. L., & Jenike, M. A. (1999) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00278-9 · Cited by 423 · see citing works
A 7 Minute Neurocognitive Screening Battery Highly Sensitive to Alzheimer's Disease
Solomon, P. R., Hirschoff, A., Kelly, B., Relin, M., Brush, M. B., DeVeaux, R. D., & Pendlebury, W. W. (1998) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.55.3.349 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
A New Scale for the Assessment of Functional Status in Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders
Loewenstein, D., Amigo, E. M., Duara, R., Guterman, A., Hurwitz, D., Berkowitz, N., Wilkie, F. L., Weinberg, G. B., Black, B., Gittelman, B., et al. (1989) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/44.4.p114 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Bell‐McGinty, S., Podell, K., Franzen, M. D., Baird, A. D., & Williams, M. J. M. (2002) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.646 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Grigsby, J., Kaye, K., Baxter, J., Shetterly, S. M., & Hamman, R. F. (1998) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1998.tb01075.x · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Predictors of medication self-management skill in a low-literacy population
Kripalani, S. B., Henderson, L. E., Chiu, E. Y., Robertson, R., Kolm, P., & Jacobson, T. A. (2006) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00536.x · Cited by 248 · see citing works
The impact of cognitive function on medication management: Three studies.
Stilley, C. S., Bender, C. M., Dunbar-Jacob, J., Sereika, S., & Ryan, C. M. (2010) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016940 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Clinical neuropsychology : a pocket handbook for assessment
Snyder, P. J., & Nussbaum, P. D. (1998) · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Everyday problem solving in older adults: Observational assessment and cognitive correlates.
Diehl, M. K., Willis, S. L., & Schaie, K. W. (1995) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.10.3.478 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
The assessment of executive functions: coming out of the office
Manchester, D., Priestley, N., & Jackson, H. (2004) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699050410001672387 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Measurement of Executive Function: Considerations for Detecting Adult Age Differences
Bryan, J., & Luszcz, M. A. (2000) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/1380-3395(200002)22:1;1-8;ft040 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Hanks, R. A., Rapport, L. J., Millis, S. R., & Deshpande, S. A. (1999) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/s0003-9993(99)90056-4 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Crawford, J. R., Bryan, J., Luszcz, M. A., Obonsawin, M. C., & Stewart, L. (2000) · Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition · doi:10.1076/anec.7.1.9.806 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Carlson, M. C., Fried, L. P., Xue, Q.-L., Bandeen-Roche, K., Zeger, S. L., & Brandt, J. (1999) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/54b.5.s262 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Factor Analysis of Four Measures of Prefrontal Lobe Functioning
Boone, K. W., Pontón, M. O., Gorsuch, R. L., GONZALEZ, J., & Miller, B. L. (1998) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1016/s0887-6177(97)00074-7 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Executive Control Functions in Degenerative Dementias: A Comparative Review
Duke, L. M., & Kaszniak, A. W. (2000) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1023/a:1009096603879 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Patterson, T. L., Lacro, J. P., McKibbin, C. L., Moscona, S., Hughs, T., & Jeste, D. V. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/00004714-200202000-00003 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Processing of Medical information in Aging Patients
(1999) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410601070 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Salas, M. (2001) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1067/mcp.2001.119812 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Executive Impairments Predict Functional Declines in Vascular Dementia
Boyle, P. A., Paul, R. H., Moser, D. J., & Cohen, R. A. (2004) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854040490507172 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Burdick, D. J., Rosenblatt, A., Samus, Q. M., Steele, C., Baker, A., Harper, M. G., Mayer, L. S., Brandt, J., Rabins, P. V., & Lyketsos, C. G. (2005) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/60.2.258 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Kibby, M. Y., Schmitter‐Edgecombe, M., & Long, C. J. (1998) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/13.6.523 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Isaac, L. M., & Tamblyn, R. M. (1993) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/33.6.772 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Neuropsychologic prediction of performance measures of daily living skills in geriatric patients.
Richardson, E. D., Nadler, J. D., & Malloy, P. F. (1995) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037//0894-4105.9.4.565 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Penadés, R., Catalán, R., Puig, O., Masana, G., Pujol, N., Navarro, V., Guarch, J., & Gastó, C. (2010) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.01.032 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Compliance with prescribed medication by elderly patients.
Kendrick, R., & Bayne, J. R. (1982) · PubMed · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Ecological Validity of Neuropsychological and Personality Measures of Executive Functions
Ready, R. E., Stierman, L., & Paulsen, J. S. (2001) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1076/clin.15.3.314.10269 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Unrecognized Cognitive Impairment in Cardiac Rehabilitation Patients
Barclay, L., Weiss, E. M., Mattis, S. A., BOND, O. B., & Blass, J. P. (1988) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1988.tb03429.x · Cited by 77 · see citing works
A Conceptual Model of Cognitive Deficits in Chronic Heart Failure
Bennett, S., Sauvé, M. J., & Shaw, R. M. (2005) · Journal of Nursing Scholarship · doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.2005.00039.x · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Validation of the Hopkins Medication Schedule To Identify Difficulties in Taking Medications
Carlson, M. C., Fried, L. P., Xue, Q., Tekwe, C. D., & Brandt, J. (2005) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/60.2.217 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Cognitive Function and Medication Usage in Older Adults
Park, D. C., Willis, S. L., Morrow, D., Diehl, M. K., & Gaines, C. L. (1994) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/073346489401300104 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Randomized Trial of Geragogy-Based Medication Instruction in the Emergency Department
Hayes, K. S. (1998) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/00006199-199807000-00006 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Goverover, Y. (2004) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390490509321 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Contribution of specific cognitive processes to executive functioning in an aging population.
Lamar, M., Zonderman, A. B., & Resnick, S. M. (2002) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.16.2.156 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Neuropsychological perspectives on memory and cognitive decline in normal human aging
Shimamura, A. P. (1994) · Seminars in Neuroscience · doi:10.1006/smns.1994.1050 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Senanarong, V., Poungvarin, N., Jamjumras, P., Sriboonroung, A., Danchaivijit, C., Udomphanthuruk, S., & Cummings, J. L. (2005) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610205000980 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Instruments Assessing Capacity to Manage Medications
Farris, K. B., & Phillips, B. B. (2008) · Annals of Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1345/aph.1g502 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Behavioral disturbance and impairment of executive functions among the elderly
Grigsby, J., Kaye, K., & Robbins, L. J. (1995) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/0167-4943(95)00636-y · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Sadek, J. R., Stricker, N. H., Adair, J. C., & Haaland, K. Y. (2011) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617711000841 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
O’Bryant, S. E., Falkowski, J., Hobson, V. L., Johnson, L. A., Hall, J. R., Schrimsher, G. W., Win, O., Ngo, B.-T. N., & Dentino, A. N. (2010) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610210000967 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-administration of medicine and older people
McGraw, C., & Drennan, V. M. (2001) · Nursing Standard · doi:10.7748/ns2001.01.15.18.33.c2968 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Ferrer-Caja, E., Crawford, J. R., & Bryan, J. (2002) · Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition · doi:10.1076/anec.9.3.231.9611 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Frontal Lobe Function and Dysfunction.
Malloy, P. F., Cohen, R. A., Jenkins, M. A., & Paul, R. H. (2007) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11299-024 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
A new performance test of adaptive cognitive functioning: The Medication Management (MM) test
Gurland, B. J., Cross, P. S., Chen, J., Wilder, D. E., Pine, Z. M., Lantigua, R., & Fulmer, T. T. (1994) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.930091104 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Problem Solving on Health-Related Tasks of Daily Living
Willis, S. L., Dolan, M. M., & Bertrand, R. M. (1999) · doi:10.4324/9781410601070-19 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Internet access: the impact on nurses and PAMs
Harrison, J., Docker, S. M., & Tod, A. (2000) · Nursing Standard · doi:10.7748/ns2000.11.15.7.33.c2936 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 63 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Elliott, R., Goeman, D., Beanland, C., & Koch, S. (2015) · Current Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.2174/1574884710666150812141525 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Measuring medicine-related experiences from the patient perspective: a systematic review
Katusiime, B., Corlett, S. A., Reeve, J. L., & Krska, J. (2016) · Patient Related Outcome Measures · doi:10.2147/prom.s102198 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Schumacher, L. V., Schmidt, C. S. M., Egger, K. E., Amtage, F., Peter, J., Klöppel, S., Beume, L.-A., Hoeren, M., Weiller, C., & Kaller, C. P. (2015) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.07.017 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Executive function, episodic memory, and Medicare expenditures
Bender, A. C., Austin, A. M., Grodstein, F., & Bynum, J. (2017) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2016.12.013 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Suchy, Y., DesRuisseaux, L. A., Gereau Mora, M., Brothers, S. L., & Niermeyer, M. A. (2024) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617723000735 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Suchy, Y., Ziemnik, R. E., Niermeyer, M. A., & Brothers, S. L. (2019) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2019.1694702 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Measuring Medication Self-Management Capacity: A Scoping Review of Available Instruments
Badawoud, A. M., Salgado, T. M., Lü, J., Parsons, P. L., Peron, E. P., & Slattum, P. W. (2020) · Drugs & Aging · doi:10.1007/s40266-020-00764-z · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Instrumental activities of daily living and mild cognitive impairment
Libon, D. J., Emrani, S., Matusz, E. F., Wasserman, V., Perweiler, E. A., Ginsberg, T. B., Powell, L. A., Bezdíček, O., Swenson, R. A., & Schmitter‐Edgecombe, M. (2023) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2023.2249626 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Webb, S. S., Jespersen, A., Chiu, E. G., Payne, F., Basting, R., Duta, M. D., & Demeyere, N. (2021) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2020.1862679 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Martínez‐Pernía, D., Olavarría, L., Fernández‐Manjón, B., Cabello, V., Henríquez, F., Robert, P. H., Alvarado, L., Barría, S., Antivilo-Bruna, A., Velásquez, J. D., et al. (2023) · Applied Neuropsychology Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2023.2174438 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Instrumentos de Avaliação das Funções Executivas: Revisão Sistemática dos Últimos Cinco Anos
de Santana, A. N., Melo, M. R. A., & Minervino, C. A. D. S. M. (2019) · Revista Avaliação Psicológica · doi:10.15689/ap.2019.1801.14668.11 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The TEACH trial: Tailored education to assist label comprehension and health literacy
Lee, S., Khare, M. M., Olson, H. R., Chen, A. M. H., & Law, A. V. (2018) · Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2018.05.015 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Further Validation of the Menu Task: Functional Cognition Screening for Older Adults
Al‐Heizan, M. O., Marks, T. S., Giles, G. M., & Edwards, D. F. (2022) · OTJR Occupational Therapy Journal of Research · doi:10.1177/15394492221110546 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
A descriptive study about the use of pillboxes by older adults
Souza, F. R. D. E., & Santana, C. D. S. (2013) · Health · doi:10.4236/health.2013.512a014 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Hohmann, N. S., Hastings, T. J., Jeminiwa, R. N., Qian, J., Hansen, R. A., Ngorsuraches, S., & Garza, K. B. (2021) · Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.01.018 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Development of a Performance-Based Measure of Executive Functions in Patients with Schizophrenia
Chiu, E., Lee, S., Kuo, C., Lung, F., Hsueh, I., & Hsieh, C. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0142790 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Efekt sformułowania w decyzjach ryzykownych a ukierunkowania regulacyjne
Rutkowska, D., & Grzesik, M. (2021) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487553.rozdzial04 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Umiejętności narracyjne osób w spektrum autyzmu
Chojnicka, I. (2021) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487553.rozdzial08 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Ecological validity reconsidered: the Night Out Task versus the D-KEFS
Suchy, Y., Lipio Brothers, S., DesRuisseaux, L. A., Gereau, M. M., Davis, J. R., Chilton, R. L. C., & Schmitter-Edgecombe, M. (2022) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2022.2142527 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Grindrod, K., Gates, A., Dolovich, L. R., Slavcev, R. A., Drimmie, R., Aghaei, B., Poon, C., Khan, S., & Leat, S. J. (2014) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.3250 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Understanding Medication Schedules: Do Pictograms Help?
Leong, M., Tam, V., Xu, T. T., & Peters, M. (2017) · Journal of Patient Safety · doi:10.1097/pts.0000000000000241 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Lee, Y., Randolph, S. B., Kim, M. Y., Foster, E. R., Kersey, J., Baum, C. M., & Connor, L. T. (2025) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.2025.050948 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Suchy, Y. (2020) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2020.1748827 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Margolis, S. A., Hallowell, E. S., Davis, J. D., Kenney, L. E., & Tremont, G. N. (2020) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acaa058 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Six elements test vs D-KEFS: what does “Ecological Validity” tell us?
Suchy, Y., Mora, M. G., Brothers, S. L., & DesRuisseaux, L. A. (2024) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617723000723 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Medication Management, Mild Cognitive Impairment and Occupational Therapy: A Scoping Review
Allen, D., Jaffe, L., & Pfleghaar, A. (2022) · Physical & Occupational Therapy In Geriatrics · doi:10.1080/02703181.2022.2079800 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Higginson, C. I., Thompson, T., Benjamin, A. E., Rosales, A. C., Zane, K. L., Valenti, M., Ibrahim, K., Rock, M. A., & Chaffee, T. (2017) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2017.1347278 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
A National Survey of Occupational Therapy Practitioners’ Evaluation of Cognition in Adults
Boone, A. E., Marks, T. S., Wolf, T., Giles, G. M., & Farrar‐Edwards, D. (2025) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.2025.051113 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Further Validation of the Pillbox Test in a Mixed Clinical Sample
Logue, E. M., Marceaux, J. C., Balldin, V. H., & Hilsabeck, R. C. (2015) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2015.1061054 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationIntegration of Neuropsychological Services in a VA HIV Primary Care Clinic
Dux, M. C., & Lee‐Wilk, T. (2017) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acx133 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Parisi, J. M., Franchetti, M. K., Rebok, G. W., Spira, A. P., Carlson, M. C., Willis, S. L., & Gross, A. L. (2014) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0037670 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Friend, P., Trenary, T., & Oldenburg, H. (2024) · Occupational Therapy In Health Care · doi:10.1080/07380577.2024.2315487 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Lee, Y., Randolph, S. B., Kim, M. Y., Foster, E. R., Kersey, J., Baum, C. M., & Connor, L. T. (2025) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.2025.050949 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Memory Support System in Spanish: A Pilot Study
Santos, O. A., Rios-Rosales, A., Pedraza, O., Bergeron, C. D., & Chandler, M. J. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11111379 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Aly, A., Bowles, S. K., & Sawan, E. S. (2025) · Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1186/s43094-025-00860-0 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Reliability of the performance-based measure of executive functions in people with schizophrenia
Chiu, E., Lee, Y., Lee, S., & Hsueh, I. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03562-y · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Performance on a virtual environment shopping task and adaptive functioning among older adults
Barnett, M. D., Hardesty, D. R., Griffin, R. A., & Parsons, T. D. (2023) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2023.2249175 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Cognitive screening during pharmacist medication reviews
Elliott, R. A. (2018) · Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research · doi:10.1002/jppr.1406 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Hromas, G. A., & Davis, J. J. (2024) · doi:10.1093/med/9780197690024.003.0004 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Wiechmann, A. R., Hall, J. R., & Azimipour, S. (2015) · Psychology & Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/pne0000030 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Gomes, F. S., Scanlan, J. N., Cusick, A., & Wesson, J. (2026) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2026.103061 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Gomez, E. M., Webber, T. A., Kordovski, V. M., Tierney, S. M., Rahman, S., & Woods, S. P. (2026) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2026.2661615 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ledzińska, M. (2021) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487553.rozdzial01 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mechanizmy psychologiczne i społeczne warunkujące formułowanie ocen oraz podejmowanie działań
Huflejt-Łukasik, M., & Pluta, A. (2021) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487553 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Teresi, J. A., Ocepek‐Welikson, K., Ramirez, M. M., Fieo, R. A., Fulmer, T. T., & Gurland, B. J. (2018) · Journal of Nursing Measurement · doi:10.1891/1061-3749.26.3.483 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Malinowska, E. (2021) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487553.rozdzial09
Huflejt-Łukasik, M., & Pluta, A. (2021) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487553.rozdzial00
Poziom aktywności fizycznej a cenione wartości i orientacja pozytywna
Kęska, O., & Bargiel-Matusiewicz, K. M. (2021) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487553.rozdzial05
Inteligencja emocjonalna a rozpiętość repertuaru strategii regulacji emocji i ich efektywność
Kobylińska, D., Molenda, Z., Śmieja, M., & Wasylkowska, M. A. (2021) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487553.rozdzial02
Coaching jako narzędzie rozwoju zawodowego i osobistego naukowców
Nowak, A. A., Huflejt-Łukasik, M., & Okoń, A. (2021) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487553.rozdzial07
Pyl, K., Łyś, A. E., & Bargiel-Matusiewicz, K. M. (2021) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487553.rozdzial10
Struktura i własności psychometryczne Skali optymizmu poznawczego – badania pilotażowe
Bargiel-Matusiewicz, K. M., Makuła, S., Szymanek, K., Wieczorek, K. A., Ziętalewicz, U., & Pisula, E. (2021) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487553.rozdzial03
Olejniczak-Serowiec, A., & Rutkowska, D. (2021) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487553.rozdzial06
Green, K. J. S., North, R., DeVore, A. D., Green, S., & Poole, A. K. (2024) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/pzae135
Functional Impairments in Survivors of Critical Illness
Green, S., Williamson, M. L., Shoemaker, M. N., & Isenberg, A. S. (2026) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009501477.043
Yule, A., Friend, P., Trenary, T., & Oldenburg, H. (2026) · Occupational Therapy In Health Care · doi:10.1080/07380577.2026.2622625
Allen, D., & Gupta, J. (2026) · Advances in Geriatric Medicine and Research · doi:10.20900/agmr20260008
Geiger, A. R., Suchy, Y., Estrada, M., DesRuisseaux, L. A., Mora, M. G., & Brothers, S. L. (2026) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617726102173
- Authors
- Zartman, A. L., Hilsabeck, R. C., Guarnaccia, C. A., & Houtz, A.
- Affiliations
- University of North Texas (US)
- The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zartman, A. L.
- Venue
- Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2013-03-15
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 307-319
- ISSN
- 0887-6177 (ISSN-L)
- 1873-5843
- OpenAlex
- W2138876260
- Cited by
- 59
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 4.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Historical and Modern Theater Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- executive function, medication management, instrumental activities of daily living, ecological assessment, executive dysfunction, criterion validity, convergent validity, neurological patients, medical patients, functional status
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Age Factors, Aged, Alzheimer Disease, Analysis of Variance, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cognition Disorders, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, ROC Curve, Dementia, Vascular, Reproducibility of Results, Chi-Square Distribution, Case-Control Studies, Stroke, Executive Function
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
