Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Abramowitz, Jonathan S; Taylor, Steven; McKay, Dean

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60240-3

Cited by 1,002Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum DisordersAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Abramowitz, Jonathan S, Taylor, Steven, McKay, Dean·2009·The Lancet

DOI 10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60240-3

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Abstract

Obsessive—compulsive disorder is a common psychiatric disorder characterized by intrusive thoughts or ‘obsessions’, which predispose to repetitive acts or rituals, known as ‘compulsions’. These compulsions are necessary to relieve the anxiety caused by the obsession. Patients have insight into the unnecessary nature of the symptoms but can find them hard to suppress. Inability to carry out everyday activities can lead to significant functional impairment. Many feel embarrassed and go to great lengths to conceal the disorder from others which can lead to a delay in diagnosis and management.

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder is characterized by recurrent unwanted thoughts, anxiety and compulsive behavior, and is often associated with cognitive deficits.
“Obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD) is a psychiatric disorder that is characterized by recurrent unwanted thoughts, anxiety and compulsive behavior, but is also often associated with cognitive deficits.1, 2, 3, 4, 5”
From Behavioral flexibility in a mouse model for obsessive‐compulsive disorder: Impaired Pavlovian reversal learning in SAPAP3 mutants (2019) · cites this paper as [1]

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Genetics of Childhood Disorders: XXXIII. Autoimmunity, Part 6: Poststreptococcal Autoimmunity
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The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication
Ruscio, A. M., Stein, D. J., Chiu, W. T., & Kessler, R. C. (2010) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2008.94 · Cited by 2,771 · see citing works
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Obsessive–compulsive disorder
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“The average therapist contact time for ERP and ERP–CT outcome studies (weighted by the size of the study) was 27.4 hr (range: 9–48) for the studies in the review conducted by Abramowitz, Taylor, and McKay (2009).”
MethodInfluential
Glutamate abnormalities in obsessive compulsive disorder: neurobiology, pathophysiology, and treatment
Pittenger, C., Bloch, M. H., & Williams, K. (2011) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.09.006 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
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Avoidance learning: a review of theoretical models and recent developments
Krypotos, A.-M., Effting, M., Kindt, M., & Beckers, T. (2015) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00189 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) versus placebo for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
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Genome-wide association study in obsessive-compulsive disorder: results from the OCGAS
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Non-adherence and non-response in the treatment of anxiety disorders
Taylor, S., Abramowitz, J. S., & McKay, D. (2012) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.02.010 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
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Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT): A Gene Contributing to Sex Differences in Brain Function, and to Sexual Dimorphism in the Predisposition to Psychiatric Disorders
Harrison, P. J., & Tunbridge, E. M. (2007) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301543 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
International Journal of Collaborative Research on Internal Medicine & Public Health
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Striatal circuits, habits, and implications for obsessive-compulsive disorder
Burguière, E., Monteiro, P., Mallet, L., Feng, G., & Graybiel, A. M. (2015) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2014.08.008 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Early versus late onset obsessive–compulsive disorder: Evidence for distinct subtypes
Taylor, S. J. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.06.007 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
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Efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder
McKay, D., Sookman, D., Neziroglu, F., Wilhelm, S., Stein, D. J., Kyrios, M., Matthews, K., & Veale, D. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.11.058 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
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Prosocial effects of oxytocin and clinical evidence for its therapeutic potential
Striepens, N., Kendrick, K. M., Maier, W., & Hurlemann, R. (2011) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2011.07.001 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Global resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging analysis identifies frontal cortex, striatal, and cerebellar dysconnectivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Anticevic, A., Hu, S., Zhang, S., Savic, A., Billingslea, E., Wasylink, S., Repovs, G., Cole, M. W., Bednarski, S., Krystal, J. H., et al. (2014) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.10.021 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Electrical stimulation in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis alleviates severe obsessive-compulsive disorder
Luyten, L., Hendrickx, S., Raymaekers, S., Gabriëls, L., & Nuttin, B. (2016) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2015.124 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Family therapy and systemic interventions for child‐focused problems: the current evidence base
Carr, A. (2018) · Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/1467-6427.12226 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Molecular genetics of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a comprehensive meta-analysis of genetic association studies
Taylor, S. (2013) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2012.76 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
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Adult behavioral and pharmacological dysfunctions following disruption of the fetal brain balance between pro-inflammatory and IL-10-mediated anti-inflammatory signaling
Meyer, U., Murray, P. J., Urwyler, A., Yee, B. K., Schedlowski, M., & Feldon, J. (2008) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4002042 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Multiple pathways to functional impairment in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Markarian, Y., Larson, M. J., Aldea, M. A., Baldwin, S. A., Good, D., Berkeljon, A., Murphy, T. K., Storch, E. A., & McKay, D. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.09.005 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Self-citation
Harmonizing the Neurobiology and Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Goodman, W. K., Storch, E. A., & Sheth, S. A. (2021) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20111601 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Comorbidity of personality disorders in anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis of 30 years of research
Friborg, O., Martinussen, M., Kaiser, S., Øvergård, K. T., & Rosenvinge, J. H. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.07.004 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
The phenomenology of deep brain stimulation-induced changes in OCD: an enactive affordance-based model
de Haan, S., Rietveld, E., Stokhof, M., & Denys, D. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00653 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Patient adherence predicts outcome from cognitive behavioral therapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Simpson, H. B., Maher, M. J., Wang, Y., Bao, Y., Foa, E. B., & Franklin, M. (2011) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0022659 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Dissociable effects of selective 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptor antagonists on serial spatial reversal learning in rats
Boulougouris, V., Glennon, J. C., & Robbins, T. W. (2008) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301584 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Psychiatric comorbidities in Asperger syndrome and high functioning autism: diagnostic challenges
Mazzone, L., Ruta, L., & Reale, L. (2012) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1744-859x-11-16 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Obsessive–compulsive disorder with poor insight: A three-year prospective study
Catapano, F., Perris, F., Fabrazzo, M., Cioffi, V., Giacco, D., Santis, V. D., & Maj, M. (2009) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.12.007 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Neural correlates of tic severity and cognitive control in children with Tourette syndrome
Baym, C. L., Corbett, B. A., Wright, S. B., & Bunge, S. A. (2008) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awm278 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: A Critical Review of the New Diagnostic Class
Abramowitz, J. S., & Jacoby, R. J. (2015) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153713 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
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A critical inquiry into marble-burying as a preclinical screening paradigm of relevance for anxiety and obsessive–compulsive disorder: Mapping the way forward
de Brouwer, G., Fick, A., Harvey, B. H., & Wolmarans, D. W. (2018) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-018-00653-4 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Emotional Processing in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of 25 Functional Neuroimaging Studies
Thorsen, A. L., Hagland, P., Raduà, J., Mataix‐Cols, D., Kvale, G., Hansen, B. K. A., & van den Heuvel, O. A. (2018) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2018.01.009 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Consistency between self-report and clinician-administered versions of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.
Federici, A., Summerfeldt, L. J., Harrington, J. L., McCabe, R. E., Purdon, C. L., Rowa, K., & Antony, M. M. (2010) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.05.005 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Adult picky eating. Phenomenology, taste sensitivity, and psychological correlates
Kauer, J., Pelchat, M. L., Rozin, P., & Zickgraf, H. F. (2015) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2015.03.001 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Dropout rates in exposure with response prevention for obsessive-compulsive disorder: What do the data really say?
Ong, C. W., Clyde, J. W., Bluett, E. J., Levin, M. E., & Twohig, M. P. (2016) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.03.006 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Virtual reality and mobile phones in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorders: a phase-2 clinical trial
Repetto, C., Gaggioli, A., Pallavicini, F., Cipresso, P., Raspelli, S., & Riva, G. (2013) · Personal and Ubiquitous Computing · doi:10.1007/s00779-011-0467-0 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Etiology of obsessions and compulsions: A meta-analysis and narrative review of twin studies
Taylor, S. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.09.008 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
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Reductions in cortico-striatal hyperconnectivity accompany successful treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder with dorsomedial prefrontal rTMS
Dunlop, K., Woodside, B., Olmsted, M., Colton, P., Giacobbe, P., & Downar, J. (2016) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.292 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Meta-analytic investigations of structural grey matter, executive domain-related functional activations, and white matter diffusivity in obsessive compulsive disorder: an integrative review
Eng, G. K., Sim, K., & Chen, S.-H. A. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.03.002 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Assessment of obsessive–compulsive disorder: A review
Grabill, K. M., Merlo, L. J., Duke, D. C., Harford, K.-L., Keeley, M. L., Geffken, G. R., & Storch, E. A. (2007) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.01.012 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Risk factors prospectively associated with adult obsessive–compulsive symptom dimensions and obsessive–compulsive disorder
Grisham, J. R., Fullana, M. A., Mataix‐Cols, D., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., & Poulton, R. (2011) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291711000894 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
The functional neuroanatomy of the evolving parent–infant relationship
Parsons, C. E., Young, K. S., Murray, L., Stein, A. L., & Kringelbach, M. L. (2010) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.03.001 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Cannabidiol inhibitory effect on marble-burying behaviour: involvement of CB1 receptors
Casarotto, P. C., Gomes, F. V., Resstel, L. B. M., & Guimarães, F. S. (2010) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0b013e32833b33c5 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Viewing Internet Pornography: For Whom is it Problematic, How, and Why?
Twohig, M. P., Crosby, J. M., & Cox, J. M. (2009) · Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity The Journal of Treatment and Prevention · doi:10.1080/10720160903300788 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Obsessional Beliefs and Symptoms of Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder in a Clinical Sample
Tolin, D. F., Brady, R. E., & Hannan, S. E. (2007) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-007-9076-7 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Topiramate Augmentation in Treatment-Resistant Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Berlin, H. A., Koran, L. M., Jenike, M. A., Shapira, N. A., Chaplin, W. F., Pallanti, S., & Hollander, E. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.09m05266gre · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Immunological causes of obsessive-compulsive disorder: is it time for the concept of an “autoimmune OCD” subtype?
Endres, D., Pollak, T. A., Bechter, K., Denzel, D., Pitsch, K., Nickel, K., Runge, K., Pankratz, B., Klatzmann, D., Tamouza, R., et al. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01700-4 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
OCD cognitions and symptoms in different religious contexts
Yorulmaz, O., Gençöz, T., & Woody, S. R. (2008) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.11.001 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
A Randomized, Double-Blind Trial of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder With Three-Month Follow-Up
Gomes, P. V. O., Brasil-Neto, J. P., Allam, N., & de Souza, E. R. (2012) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.11100242 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Role of dopamine in the pathophysiology and treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder
Koo, M.-S., Kim, E.-J., Roh, D., & Kim, C.-H. (2010) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.09.148 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Neuronal Correlates of Obsessions in the Caudate Nucleus
Guehl, D., Benazzouz, A., Aouizerate, B., Cuny, E., Rotgé, J., Rougier, A., Tignol, J., Bioulac, B. H., & Burbaud, P. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.06.023 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Quality of life in obsessive-compulsive disorder: an evaluation of impairment and a preliminary analysis of the ameliorating effects of treatment
Norberg, M. M., Calamari, J. E., Cohen, R. J., & Riemann, B. C. (2007) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20298 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
A Theoretical review of cognitive biases and deficits in obsessive–compulsive disorder
Hezel, D. M., & McNally, R. J. (2016) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.10.012 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
A prospective population-based cohort study of the prevalence, incidence and impact of obsessive-compulsive symptomatology
Fineberg, N. A., Hengartner, M. P., Bergbaum, C., Gale, T. M., Gamma, A., Ajdacic‐Gross, V., Wulf Rössler, A., & Angst, J. (2012) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.3109/13651501.2012.755206 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Decreased limbic and increased fronto‐parietal connectivity in unmedicated patients with obsessive‐compulsive disorder
Göttlich, M., Krämer, U. M., Kordon, A., Hohagen, F., & Zurowski, B. (2014) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22574 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Obsessive-compulsive disorder and its related disorders: a reappraisal of obsessive-compulsive spectrum concepts
Murphy, D. L., Timpano, K. R., Wheaton, M. G., Greenberg, B. D., & Miguel, E. C. (2010) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2010.12.2/dmurphy · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Pharmacological Management of Treatment-Resistant Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Abudy, A., Juven‐Wetzler, A., & Zohar, J. (2011) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.2165/11587860-000000000-00000 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Children with obsessive-compulsive disorder: are they just “little adults”?
Kalra, S. K., & Swedo, S. E. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci37563 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): A review
Koch, K., Reeß, T. J., Rus, O. G., Zimmer, C., & Zaudig, M. (2014) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.03.006 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
The cost and impact of compulsivity: A research perspective
Hollander, E., Doernberg, E. A., Shavitt, R. G., Waterman, R. J., Soreni, N., Veltman, D. J., Sahakian, B. J., & Fineberg, N. A. (2016) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.02.006 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Common pitfalls in exposure and response prevention (EX/RP) for OCD
Gillihan, S. J., Williams, M. T., Malcoun, E., Yadin, E., & Foa, E. B. (2012) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2012.05.002 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Behavioural addiction—A rising tide?
Chamberlain, S. R., Löchner, C., Stein, D. J., Goudriaan, A. E., van Holst, R. J., Zohar, J., & Grant, J. E. (2015) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.08.013 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
The Temporal and Focal Dynamics of Volitional Reconsumption: A Phenomenological Investigation of Repeated Hedonic Experiences
Russell, C. A., & Levy, S. J. (2012) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/662996 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Delusionality of body image beliefs in eating disorders
Konstantakopoulos, G., Varsou, E., Dikeos, D., Ioannidi, N., Gonidakis, F., Papadimitriou, G. N., & Oulis, P. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.03.023 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
d -Cycloserine vs Placebo as Adjunct to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Interaction With Antidepressants
Andersson, E., Hedman‐Lagerlöf, E., Enander, J., Djurfeldt, D. R., Ljótsson, B., Červenka, S., Isung, J., Svanborg, C., Mataix‐Cols, D., Kaldo, V., et al. (2015) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.0546 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Cognitive Aging and Time Perception: Roles of Bayesian Optimization and Degeneracy
Turgeon, M., Lustig, C., & Meck, W. H. (2016) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2016.00102 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Gray Matter Abnormalities in Social Anxiety Disorder: Primary, Replication, and Specificity Studies
Talati, A., Pantazatos, S. P., Schneier, F. R., Weissman, M. M., & Joy Hirsch, C. (2012) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.05.022 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy for adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: an open trial
Lenhard, F., Vigerland, S., Andersson, E., Rück, C., Mataix-Cols, D., Thulin, U., Ljótsson, B., & Serlachius, E. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100773 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Abramowitz, J. S., Mahaffey, B. L., & Wheaton, M. G. (2008) · The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology · doi:10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy0617 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
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Authors: Abramowitz, J. S., Taylor, S., & McKay, D.
Affiliations: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
University of British Columbia (CA)
Fordham University (US)
Corresponding author: Abramowitz, Jonathan S
ORCID: Abramowitz, Jonathan S
Taylor, Steven
McKay, Dean
Venue: The Lancet
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2009-08
Volume: 374
Issue: 9688
Pages: 491-499
ISSN: 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
0140-6736
DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60240-3
OpenAlex: W2915979496
Semantic Scholar: 809a240033e7ca5ce0dc968592e31b6d6afb8816
Cited by: 1,002
References: 95
Citations by year: 2026: 38 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 54 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 75 · 2014: 77 · 2013: 74 · 2012: 71
FWCI: 81.60
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: The Lancet (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
Keywords: obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, serotonin pathway, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, cognitive-behavioral model, dysfunctional attitudes, serotonin reuptake inhibitors, cognitive behavioral therapy, D-cycloserine
MeSH terms: Humans, Models, Biological, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

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