Cited by 2,310Statistical Methods in Clinical TrialsProbability and Statistical ResearchStatistical Methods and Bayesian Inference

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Discrete sequential boundaries for clinical trials

GORDON LAN, K. K., DEMETS, DAVID L.·1983·Biometrika

DOI 10.1093/biomet/70.3.659

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Abstract

Pocock (1977), O'Brien & Fleming (1979) and Slud & Wei (1982) have proposed different methods to construct discrete sequential boundaries for clinical trials. These methods require that the total number of decision times be specified in advance. In the present paper, we propose a more flexible way to construct discrete sequential boundaries. The method is based on the choice of a function, α*(t), which characterizes the rate at which the error level α is spent. The boundary at a decision time is determined by α*(t), and by past and current decision times, but does not depend on the future decision times or the total number of decision times.

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Crossref · 10.1093/biomet/70.3.659

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A Multiple Testing Procedure for Clinical Trials
O'Brien, P. C., & Fleming, T. R. (1979) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2530245 · Cited by 3,311
Group sequential methods in the design and analysis of clinical trials
POCOCK, S. J. (1977) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/64.2.191 · Cited by 1,831
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Armitage, P., McPherson, C. K., & Rowe, B. C. (1969) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (General) · doi:10.2307/2343787 · Cited by 772
Stochastically curtailed tests in long–term clinical trials
Lan, K. K. G., Simon, R. M., & Halperin, M. (1982) · Sequential Analysis · doi:10.1080/07474948208836014 · Cited by 356
Interim Analyses for Randomized Clinical Trials: The Group Sequential Approach
Pocock, S. (1982) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2530298 · Cited by 265
Two-Sample Repeated Significance Tests Based on the Modified Wilcoxon Statistic
SLUD, E. V., & Wei, L. (1982) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1982.10477899 · Cited by 244
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Long, D. M. D. (1981) · Communication in Statistics- Theory and Methods · doi:10.1080/03610928108828182 · Cited by 135
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A two sample wilcoxon test for progressively censored data
DAVIS, C. E. (1978) · Communication in Statistics- Theory and Methods · doi:10.1080/03610927808827630 · Cited by 23
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Majumdar, H., & Sen, P. K. (1977) · Communication in Statistics- Theory and Methods · doi:10.1080/03610927708827511 · Cited by 9

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Authors: GORDON LAN, K. K., & DEMETS, D. L.
Affiliations: University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
Venue: Biometrika
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 1983
Volume: 70
Issue: 3
Pages: 659-663
ISSN: 0006-3444 (ISSN-L)
1464-3510
DOI: 10.1093/biomet/70.3.659
OpenAlex: W1990639292
Cited by: 2,310
References: 10
Citations by year: 2026: 51 · 2025: 69 · 2024: 80 · 2023: 78 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 77 · 2019: 96 · 2018: 76 · 2017: 89 · 2016: 90 · 2015: 72 · 2014: 112 · 2013: 73 · 2012: 101
FWCI: 7.06
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Biometrika (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Probability and Statistical Research
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
Keywords: clinical trials, early stopping, alpha spending functions, sequential analysis, decision time, error rate control

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