Comparison of changes in electroencephalographic measures during induction of general anaesthesia: influence of the gamma frequency band and electromyogram signal
Open accessAbstract
Recent research has shown that high-frequency, gamma-band electroencephalographic (EEG) oscillations (40-60 Hz) may be an important marker of the conscious state. We compared the ability of the bispectral index (BIS) to distinguish the awake and anaesthetized states during the induction of general anaesthesia with: (i) components of the BIS (BetaRatio, SynchFastSlow); (ii) a new EEG variable--the median frequency of the first time derivative of the EEG signal (SE50d); and (iii) the SE50d derived from an EEG signal that has had the frequencies above 30 Hz removed (SE50d(30Hz)). Two groups of subjects were studied: (i) nine volunteers undergoing a short propofol infusion until loss of response to verbal command, and (ii) 84 patients undergoing routine anaesthesia for a variety of surgical procedures. In the volunteer group, the changes in the BetaRatio and SE50d were comparable with changes in the BIS. The changes in the SE50d(30Hz) were less consistent. In the patient group, the BIS components were equivalent to the BIS in separating the awake from the surgically anaesthetized states (area under receiver operating curve: BIS 0.95, SE50d 0.95, BetaRatio 0.96). Using the submental electromyogram (EMG) signal to estimate the frontalis EMG (30-47 Hz) signal, the changes in EMG signal were, on average, about one-tenth the magnitude of the EEG. We conclude that: (i) there exist simpler derived EEG variables that are similar in accuracy to the BIS; (ii) it is important to avoid filtering out the EEG frequencies above 30 Hz; and (iii) in most patients the confounding effects of the frontalis EMG on the EEG are minimal.
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The cognition-related frequencies are mainly below 30 Hz, and EEG beyond these frequency bands is easily confused with the electromyogram (EMG).
“In addition, the cognition-related frequencies are mainly below 30 Hz (Chikhi et al. 2022), and EEG beyond these frequency bands is easily confused with the electromyogram (EMG) (Sleigh et al. 2001).”
From Changes in Mental Health and EEG Biomarkers of Undergraduates Under Different Patterns of Mindfulness (2024) · cites this paper as Sleigh et al. 2001
Only the EMG clause is attributed to Sleigh et al.; the below-30-Hz cognition claim cites Chikhi et al. The EMG influence section says the 30–47 Hz EEG component is susceptible to EMG interference, but the Discussion says EMG was a minor component of the observed scalp EEG in about 90% of patients. Thus, describing EEG above 30 Hz as generally 'easily confused' with EMG overstates the finding. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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“This difference is potentially significant because emergence from anesthesia might be an active process, not simple reversal of induction as the anesthetic agent dissipates (Sleigh et al., 2001; Kelz et al., 2008).”
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“In addition, the cognition-related frequencies are mainly below 30 Hz (Chikhi et al. 2022), and EEG beyond these frequency bands is easily confused with the electromyogram (EMG) (Sleigh et al. 2001).”
- Authors
- Sleigh, J. W., Steyn-Ross, D. A., Steyn-Ross, M. L., Williams, M. L., & Smith, P.
- Affiliations
- Waikato Hospital (NZ)
- Corresponding author
- Sleigh, J.W.
- ORCID
- Sleigh, J.W.
- Venue
- British Journal of Anaesthesia
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-01
- Volume
- 86
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 50-58
- ISSN
- 0007-0912 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2005165101
- Cited by
- 105
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 4.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- British Journal of Anaesthesia (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Commons (University of Waikato) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Anesthesia and Sedative Agents
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Biomedical and Chemical Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Anesthesia and Neurotoxicity Research
- Keywords
- general anaesthesia induction, bispectral index, propofol, loss of consciousness, EEG filtering, depth of anesthesia monitoring
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Consciousness, Electroencephalography, Electromyography, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Predictive Value of Tests, ROC Curve, Sensitivity and Specificity, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Propofol, Monitoring, Intraoperative, Anesthetics, General, Anesthetics, Intravenous
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