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Cited by 283Stuttering Research and TreatmentNeurobiology of Language and BilingualismLanguage Development and Disorders

Single word reading in developmental stutterers and fluent speakers

Salmelin, R., Schnitzler, A., Schmitz, F., Freund, H.-J.·2000·Brain
DOI 10.1093/brain/123.6.1184
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Abstract

Ten fluent speakers and nine developmental stutterers read isolated nouns aloud in a delayed reading paradigm. Cortical activation sequences were mapped with a whole-head magnetoencephalography system. The stutterers were mostly fluent in this task. Although the overt performance was essentially identical in the two groups, the cortical activation patterns showed clear differences, both in the evoked responses, time-locked to word presentation and mouth movement onset, and in task-related suppression of 20-Hz oscillations. Within the first 400 ms after seeing the word, processing in fluent speakers advanced from the left inferior frontal cortex (articulatory programming) to the left lateral central sulcus and dorsal premotor cortex (motor preparation). This sequence was reversed in the stutterers, who showed an early left motor cortex activation followed by a delayed left inferior frontal signal. Stutterers thus appeared to initiate motor programmes before preparation of the articulatory code. During speech production, the right motor/premotor cortex generated consistent evoked activation in fluent speakers but was silent in stutterers. On the other hand, suppression of motor cortical 20-Hz rhythm, reflecting task-related neuronal processing, occurred bilaterally in both groups. Moreover, the suppression was right-hemisphere dominant in stutterers, as opposed to left-hemisphere dominant in fluent speakers. Accordingly, the right frontal cortex of stutterers was highly active during speech production but did not generate synchronous time-locked responses. The speech-related 20-Hz suppression concentrated in the mouth area in fluent speakers, but was evident in both the hand and mouth areas in stutterers. These findings may reflect imprecise functional connectivity within the right frontal cortex and incomplete segregation between the adjacent hand and mouth motor representations in stutterers during speech production. A network including the left inferior frontal cortex and the right motor/premotor cortex, likely to be relevant in merging linguistic and affective prosody with articulation during fluent speech, thus appears to be partly dysfunctional in developmental stutterers.

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  • Support for forward models obtained from healthy people is uncommon.

    “Evidence for this important mechanism from healthy human participants is rare, although data from a variety of behavioral (e.g., Sabes, 2000) and cognitive neuroscience experiments are providing tantalizing hints (e.g., Salmelin et al., 2000; Houde et al., 2002; van Wassenhove et al., 2005; Skipper et al., 2007).”

    From Mental imagery of speech and movement implicates the dynamics of internal forward models (2010) · cites this paper as Salmelin et al., 2000

    The Abstract and the discussion section headed ‘the word’ report MEG evidence from fluent speakers: articulatory encoding preceded motor preparation, a sequence the authors consider reasonable for fluent speech. That makes the study a plausible example of a cognitive-neuroscience hint, but our copy does not identify this sequence as evidence for a forward model or assess how rare such evidence is in healthy participants. (LLM, conf=0.76)

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Cited by

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Authors
Salmelin, R., Schnitzler, A., Schmitz, F., & Freund, H.-J.
Affiliations
Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (DE)
Corresponding author
Salmelin, R.
ORCID
Venue
Brain
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2000-06
Volume
123
Issue
6
Pages
1184-1202
ISSN
  • 0006-8950 (ISSN-L)
  • 1460-2156
DOI
10.1093/brain/123.6.1184
OpenAlex
W2137928190
Cited by
283
References
7
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 14
FWCI
11.19
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Brain (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
Academy of Finland
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Stuttering Research and Treatment
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
Keywords
developmental stuttering, speech production, single word reading, inferior frontal cortex, motor cortex, premotor cortex, right hemisphere dominance, functional connectivity, motor preparation, prosody
MeSH terms
Adult, Frontal Lobe, Hand, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Middle Aged, Motor Cortex, Mouth, Movement, Periodicity, Reaction Time, Reading, Speech, Stuttering, Magnetoencephalography, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon

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