Pyramidal neurons of the prefrontal cortex in post-stroke, vascular and other ageing-related dementias
Open accessAbstract
Dementia associated with cerebrovascular disease is common. It has been reported that ∼30% of elderly patients who survive stroke develop delayed dementia (post-stroke dementia), with most cases being diagnosed as vascular dementia. The pathological substrates associated with post-stroke or vascular dementia are poorly understood, particularly those associated with executive dysfunction. Three separate yet interconnecting circuits control executive function within the frontal lobe involving the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex and the orbitofrontal cortex. We used stereological methods, along with immunohistological and related cell morphometric analysis, to examine densities and volumes of pyramidal neurons of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex and orbitofrontal cortex in the frontal lobe from a total of 90 elderly subjects (age range 71-98 years). Post-mortem brain tissues from post-stroke dementia and post-stroke patients with no dementia were derived from our prospective Cognitive Function After Stroke study. We also examined, in parallel, samples from ageing controls and similar age subjects pathologically diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, mixed Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia, and vascular dementia. We found pyramidal cell volumes in layers III and V in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of post-stroke and vascular dementia and, of mixed and Alzheimer's disease subjects to be reduced by 30-40% compared to post-stroke patients with no dementia and controls. There were no significant changes in neuronal volumes in either the anterior cingulate or orbitofrontal cortices. Remarkably, pyramidal neurons within the orbitofrontal cortex were also found to be smaller in size when compared to those in the other two neocortical regions. To relate the cell changes to cognitive function, we noted significant correlations between neuronal volumes and total CAMCOG, orientation and memory scores and clinical dementia ratings. Total estimated neuronal densities were not significantly changed between patients with post-stroke dementia and post-stroke patients with no dementia groups or ageing controls in any of the three frontal regions. In further morphometric analysis of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, we showed that neither diffuse cerebral atrophy nor neocortical thickness explained the selective neuronal volume effects. We also noted that neurofilament protein SMI31 immunoreactivity was increased in post-stroke and vascular dementia compared with post-stroke patients with no dementia and correlated with decreased neuronal volumes in subjects with post-stroke dementia and vascular dementia. Our findings suggest selective regional pyramidal cell atrophy in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex-rather than neuronal density changes per se-are associated with dementia and executive dysfunction in post-stroke dementia and vascular dementia. The changes in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex pyramidal cells were not associated with neurofibrillary pathology suggesting there is a vascular basis for the observed highly selective neuronal atrophy.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
No further differences were noted for potential cortical thickness variation between all assessed dementia groups or age-matched controls.
“No further differences were noted for potential cortical thickness variation between all assessed dementia groups or age‐matched controls (Figure 3A), which corroborated previous neocortical atrophy findings and was within the expected mPFC thickness range of 2.4 to 2.8 mm. 14 , 42”
From High vulnerability of medial prefrontal pyramidal neurons in post-stroke, vascular, Alzheimer's disease, and aging-related dementias (2026) · cites this paper as [14]
Prior observations implicated a vascular basis for the highly localized neuronal atrophy evident in all common dementias, including post-stroke dementia and vascular dementia.
“These observations implicated a vascular basis for the highly localized neuronal atrophy evident in all common dementias, including PSD and VaD.”
From High vulnerability of medial prefrontal pyramidal neurons in post-stroke, vascular, Alzheimer's disease, and aging-related dementias (2026) · cites this paper as [14]
In prior work, neuronal volumes in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex layers III and V were lower by 30% to 40% across post-stroke dementia, Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and mixed dementia compared to post-stroke non-dementia and age-matched control subjects.
“We have previously shown that a specific vulnerability of glutamatergic pyramidal neurons occurs in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). Neuronal volumes were lower by 30% to 40% within cortical layers III and V across various dementias, including PSD, Alzheimer's disease (AD), VaD, and mixed (AD/VaD) dementia, compared to post‐stroke non‐dementia (PSND) and age‐matched control subjects.”
From High vulnerability of medial prefrontal pyramidal neurons in post-stroke, vascular, Alzheimer's disease, and aging-related dementias (2026) · cites this paper as [14]
In prior work, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex neuronal volume changes correlated with measures of cognitive dysfunction and clinical dementia ratings, without significant changes in neuronal densities or neurodegenerative pathology.
“The neuronal volume changes further correlated to measures of cognitive dysfunction and clinical dementia ratings, without significant changes in neuronal densities or neurodegenerative pathology.”
From High vulnerability of medial prefrontal pyramidal neurons in post-stroke, vascular, Alzheimer's disease, and aging-related dementias (2026) · cites this paper as [14]
The dorsal aspects of the medial prefrontal cortex are more vulnerable to pathological processes that cause dementia than the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
“In contrast to neuronal atrophy in the dlPFC, 14 our new findings imply the dorsal aspects of the mPFC are more vulnerable to pathological processes that cause dementia.”
From High vulnerability of medial prefrontal pyramidal neurons in post-stroke, vascular, Alzheimer's disease, and aging-related dementias (2026) · cites this paper as [14]
The observation that neurons were affected without extensive AD-type pathology supports a vascular etiology for neuronal changes with widespread metabolic deficiencies in these subjects.
“This observation corroborates our previous findings in dlPFC pyramidal neurons, 14 and supports a vascular etiology for neuronal changes with widespread metabolic deficiencies in these subjects.”
From High vulnerability of medial prefrontal pyramidal neurons in post-stroke, vascular, Alzheimer's disease, and aging-related dementias (2026) · cites this paper as [14]
Cites
The unbiased estimation of number and sizes of arbitrary particles using the disector
Sterio, D. C. (1984) · Journal of Microscopy · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1984.tb02501.x · Cited by 2,533 · see citing works
Hachinski, V., Iadecola, C., Petersen, R. C., Breteler, M. M., Nyenhuis, D. L., Black, S. E., Powers, W. J., DeCarli, C., Merino, J. G., Kalaria, R. N., et al. (2006) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.0000237236.88823.47 · Cited by 1,722 · see citing works
Self-citationGlial reduction in the subgenual prefrontal cortex in mood disorders
Öngür, D., Drevets, W. C., & Price, J. L. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.22.13290 · Cited by 1,525 · see citing works
Rajkowska, G., Miguel-Hidalgo, J. J., Wei, J., Dilley, G., Pittman, S. D., Meltzer, H. Y., Overholser, J. C., Roth, B. L., & Stockmeier, C. A. (1999) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00041-4 · Cited by 1,477 · see citing works
Frontal–subcortical neuronal circuits and clinical neuropsychiatry
Tekin, S., & Cummings, J. L. (2002) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(02)00428-2 · Cited by 1,240 · see citing works
Neuron Number and Size in Prefrontal Cortex of Children With Autism
Courchesne, E., Mouton, P. R., Calhoun, M. E., Semendeferi, K., Ahrens-Barbeau, C., Hallet, M. J., Barnes, C. C., & Pierce, K. (2011) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1638 · Cited by 779 · see citing works
Is Breakdown of the Blood-Brain Barrier Responsible for Lacunar Stroke, Leukoaraiosis, and Dementia?
Wardlaw, J. M., Sandercock, P. A. G., Dennis, M. S., & Starr, J. (2003) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.0000058480.77236.b3 · Cited by 628 · see citing works
Leys, D., Hénon, H., Mackowiak-Cordoliani, M.-A., & Pasquier, F. (2005) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(05)70221-0 · Cited by 609 · see citing works
Clinically defined vascular depression
(1997) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.154.4.562 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
The role of cerebral ischemia in Alzheimer’s disease
Kalaria, R. N. (2000) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(00)00125-1 · Cited by 522 · see citing works
Self-citationThe cerebral cortex is damaged in chronic alcoholics
Kril, J. J., Halliday, G. M., Svoboda, M. D., & Cartwright, H. (1997) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00083-3 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
Neuron Number and Size in Prefrontal Cortex of Children With Autism
Stockman, J. A. (2012) · Yearbook of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.yped.2011.12.022 · Cited by 491 · see citing works
Gundersen, H. J. G. (1988) · Journal of Microscopy · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1988.tb04609.x · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Dementia after ischemic stroke: A population-based study in Rochester, Minnesota (1960-1984)
Kokmen, E., Whisnant, J. P., O'Fallon, W. M., Chu, C.-P., & Beard, C. M. (1996) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.46.1.154 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
Frequency and clinical determinants of dementia after ischemic stroke
Desmond, D. W., Moroney, J. T., Paik, M. C., Sano, M. C., Mohr, J. P., Aboumatar, S., Tseng, C.-L., Chan, S., Williams, J. B. W., Remien, R. H., et al. (2000) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.54.5.1124 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Clinical Determinants of Poststroke Dementia
Pohjasvaara, T., Erkinjuntti, T., Ylikoski, R., Hietanen, M., Vataja, R., & Kaste, M. (1998) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.29.1.75 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Staging and natural history of cerebrovascular pathology in dementia
Deramecourt, V., Slade, J. Y., Oakley, A. E., Perry, R. H., Ince, P. G., Maurage, C.-A., & Kalaria, R. N. (2012) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e31824e8e7f · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Self-citationWhy do frontal lobe symptoms predominate in vascular dementia with lacunes?
Ishii, N., Nishihara, Y., & Imamura, T. (1986) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.36.3.340 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Towards defining the neuropathological substrates of vascular dementia
Kalaria, R. N., Kenny, R. A., Ballard, C. G., Perry, R., Ince, P., & Polvikoski, T. (2004) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2004.09.019 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Self-citationTowards the classification of subpopulations of layer V pyramidal projection neurons
Molnár, Z., & Cheung, A. F. P. (2006) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2006.02.008 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Depression and vascular disease: what is the relationship?
Thomas, A. J. (2003) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(02)00349-x · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Self-citationHuppert, F. A., Brayne, C., Gill, C., Paykel, E. S., & Beardsall, L. (1995) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1995.tb01487.x · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Epidemiological Studies of the Effect of Stroke on Incident Dementia: A Systematic Review
Savva, G. M., Stephan, B. C. M., & the Alzheimer’s Society Vascular Dementia Systematic Review Group (2010) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.109.559880 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Increased poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of nuclear proteins in Alzheimer's disease
Love, S., Barber, R., & Wilcock, G. K. (1999) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/122.2.247 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Ihara, M., Polvikoski, T. M., Hall, R., Slade, J. Y., Perry, R. H., Oakley, A. E., Englund, E. M., O'Brien, J. T., Ince, P. G., & Kalaria, R. N. (2010) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-009-0635-8 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Self-citationAllan, L. M., Rowan, E. N., Firbank, M. J., Thomas, A. J., Parry, S. W., Polvikoski, T. M., O'Brien, J. T., & Kalaria, R. N. (2011) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awr273 · Cited by 225 · cited 6× · see citing works
“In general, nNeuropathological assessment was carried out as described previously (Allan et al., 2011; Gemmell et al., 2012).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationFreeman, S. H., Kandel, R., Cruz, L., Rozkalne, A., Newell, K. L., Frosch, M. P., Hedley‐Whyte, E. T., Locascio, J. J., Lipsitz, L. A., & Hyman, B. T. (2008) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/nen.0b013e31818fc72f · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Post‐stroke depression, executive dysfunction and functional outcome
Pohjasvaara, T., Leskelä, M., Vataja, R., Kalska, H., Ylikoski, R., Hietanen, M., Leppävuori, A., Kaste, M., & Erkinjuntti, T. (2002) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1046/j.1468-1331.2002.00396.x · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Prospective Follow-Up Study Between 3 and 15 Months After Stroke
Ballard, C. G., Rowan, E. N., Stephens, S., Kalaria, R. N., & Kenny, R. A. (2003) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.0000089923.29724.ce · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Self-citationGiannakopoulos, P., Hof, P. R., Michel, J., Guimón, J., & Bouras, C. (1997) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(97)00023-4 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Gemmell, E., Bosomworth, H. J., Allan, L. M., Hall, R., Khundakar, A. A., Oakley, A. E., Deramecourt, V., Polvikoski, T. M., O'Brien, J. T., & Kalaria, R. N. (2011) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.111.636498 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuropathological correlates of temporal pole white matter hyperintensities in CADASIL
Yamamoto, Y., Ihara, M., Tham, C., Low, R. W. C., Slade, J. Y., Moss, T., Oakley, A. E., Polvikoski, T., & Kalaria, R. N. (2009) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.108.528299 · Cited by 155 · cited 3× · see citing works
“All images were also analysed using Image Pro analysis (Yamamoto et al., 2009; Craggs et al., 2013).”
MethodSelf-citationThe Honolulu-Asia Aging Study: epidemiologic and neuropathologic research on cognitive impairment
P. Gelber, R., J. Launer, L., & R. White, L. (2012) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/156720512801322618 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Rajkowska, G., Miguel-Hidalgo, J. J., Dubey, P., Stockmeier, C. A., & Krishnan, K. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.04.013 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
The pattern and course of cognitive impairment in late-life depression
Köhler, S., Thomas, A. J., Barnett, N. A., & O'Brien, J. T. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709990833 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Self-citationBurton, E. J., Kenny, R. A., O'Brien, J. T., Stephens, S., Bradbury, M., Rowan, E. N., Kalaria, R. N., Firbank, M., Wesnes, K. A., & Ballard, C. G. (2004) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.0000126041.99024.86 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citationSalehi, A., Verhaagen, J., Dijkhuizen, P. A., & Swaab, D. F. (1996) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(96)00273-4 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Cotter, D., Hudson, L., & Landau, S. (2005) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2005.00230.x · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Poststroke Dementia: Influence of Hippocampal Atrophy
Cordoliani-Mackowiak, M.-A., Hénon, H., Pruvo, J.-P., Pasquier, F., & Leys, D. (2003) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.60.4.585 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Viskontas, I. V., Possin, K. L., & Miller, B. L. (2007) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1401.025 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
No deficit in total number of neurons in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenics
Thune, J. J., Uylings, H. B. M., & Pakkenberg, B. (2001) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3956(00)00043-1 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Altieri, M., Piero, V. D., Pasquini, M., Gasparini, M., Vanacore, N., Vicenzini, E., & Lenzi, G. L. (2004) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000130501.79012.1a · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Firbank, M., Burton, E. J., Barber, R., Stephens, S., Kenny, R. A., Ballard, C. G., Kalaria, R. N., & O'Brien, J. T. (2006) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.07.009 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Self-citationProfile of Neuropsychological Deficits in Older Stroke Survivors without Dementia
Ballard, C. G., Stephens, S., Kenny, R. A., Kalaria, R. N., Tovée, M. J., & O'Brien, J. T. (2003) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000069994 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-citationDepression after minor stroke: prevalence and predictors
Altieri, M., Maestrini, I., Mercurio, A., Troisi, P., Sgarlata, E., Rea, V., Piero, V. D., & Lenzi, G. L. (2011) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03583.x · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Cellular Structure of the Human Cerebral Cortex
Economo, C. V., & Triarhou, L. C. (2009) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02778.x · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Ballard, C. G., McKeith, I. G., O'Brien, J. T., Kalaria, R. N., Jaros, E., Ince, P. G., & Perry, R. (2000) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000017215 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citationPractical considerations for the use of the optical disector in estimating neuronal number
Harding, A., Halliday, G. M., & Cullen, K. M. (1994) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/0165-0270(94)90028-0 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Swartz, R. H., Stuss, D. T., Gao, F., & Black, S. E. (2008) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.107.491936 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Identifying severely atrophic cortical subregions in Alzheimer's disease
Halliday, G. M. (2003) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(02)00227-0 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Khundakar, A., Morris, C., Oakley, A., McMeekin, W., & Thomas, A. J. (2009) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.052688 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationMorphometry of the hippocampal microvasculature in post‐stroke and age‐related dementias
Burke, M. J. C., Nelson, L., Slade, J. Y., Oakley, A. E., Khundakar, A. A., & Kalaria, R. N. (2013) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1111/nan.12085 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationVascular and neurodegenerative pathways—will they meet?
Kalaria, R. N., & Ihara, M. (2013) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2013.164 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationLong-term incidence of depression and predictors of depressive symptoms in older stroke survivors
Allan, L. M., Rowan, E. N., Thomas, A. J., Polvikoski, T. M., O'Brien, J. T., & Kalaria, R. N. (2013) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.113.128355 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationKhundakar, A. A., & Thomas, A. J. (2009) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s104161020999007x · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationBurton, E. J., Ballard, C. G., Stephens, S., Kenny, R. A., Kalaria, R. N., Barber, R., & O'Brien, J. T. (2003) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000070684 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationKhundakar, A., Morris, C., Oakley, A., & Thomas, A. J. (2011) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/jgp.0b013e3181df4642 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationVesicular glutamate transporter and cognition in stroke
Kirvell, S. L., Elliott, M. S., Kalaria, R. N., Hortobágyi, T., Ballard, C. G., & Francis, P. T. (2010) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181fd6328 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationRelevance of White Matter Changes to Pre‐ and Poststroke Dementia
Pasquier, F., Hénon, H., & Leys, D. (2000) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06400.x · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Greene, J. (1994) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.57.10.1302-b · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Relationship Between Head Mass and Circumference in Human Adults
Ching, R. P. (2007) · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 62 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Post-Stroke Cognitive Impairment and Dementia
Rost, N. S., Brodtmann, A. G., Pase, M. P., van Veluw, S. J., Biffi, A., Duering, M., Hinman, J. D., & Dichgans, M. (2022) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.122.319951 · Cited by 837 · see citing works
Stroke injury, cognitive impairment and vascular dementia
Kalaria, R. N., Akinyemi, R., & Ihara, M. (2016) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.01.015 · Cited by 647 · see citing works
Self-citationThe neuropathology and cerebrovascular mechanisms of dementia
Raz, L., Knoefel, J. E., & Bhaskar, K. (2015) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2015.164 · Cited by 470 · see citing works
Kalaria, R. N. (2016) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-016-1571-z · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of the medial prefrontal cortex in cognition, ageing and dementia
Jobson, D. D., Hase, Y., Clarkson, A. N., & Kalaria, R. N. (2021) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcab125 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Self-citationWhite matter degeneration in vascular and other ageing‐related dementias
Hase, Y., Horsburgh, K. J., Ihara, M., & Kalaria, R. N. (2017) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.14271 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Self-citationChen, A., Akinyemi, R. O., Hase, Y., Firbank, M. J., Ndung’u, M. N., Foster, V., Craggs, L. J. L., Washida, K., Okamoto, Y., Thomas, A. J., et al. (2016) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awv328 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Self-citationCraggs, L., Yamamoto, Y., Deramecourt, V., & Kalaria, R. N. (2014) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/bpa.12177 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationSun, Q., Zhang, J., Li, A., Yao, M., Liu, G., Chen, S., Luo, Y., Wang, Z., Gong, H., Li, X., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-28493-4 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Adav, S. S., & Sze, S. K. (2016) · Molecular Brain · doi:10.1186/s13041-016-0272-9 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Specific Patterns of White Matter Alterations Help Distinguishing Alzheimer's and Vascular Dementia
Palesi, F., Rinaldis, A. D., Vitali, P., Castellazzi, G., Casiraghi, L., Germani, G., Bernini, S., Anzalone, N., Ramusino, M. C., Denaro, F. M., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00274 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase–Deficient Mice
Liao, F., Lin, G., Chen, X., Chen, L., Zheng, W., Raghow, R., Zhou, F.-M., Shih, A. Y., & Tan, X.-L. (2021) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.02.022 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Chen, X., Chen, L., Lin, G., Wang, Z., Kodali, M. C., Li, M., Chen, H., Lebovitz, S. G., Ortyl, T. C., Li, L., et al. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01701-9 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Severe white matter astrocytopathy in CADASIL
Hase, Y., Chen, A., Bates, L. L., Craggs, L., Yamamoto, Y., Gemmell, E., Oakley, A. E., Korolchuk, V. I., & Kalaria, R. N. (2018) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/bpa.12621 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationGallart‐Palau, X., Serra, A., Hase, Y., Tan, C. F., Chen, C., Kalaria, R. N., & Sze, S. K. (2019) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/bpa.12699 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationZhang, H., He, K., Zhao, Y., Peng, Y., Feng, D., Wang, J., & Gao, Q. (2025) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.124.050269 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Mixed dementia: Neglected clinical entity or nosographic artifice?
Fierini, F. (2019) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2019.116662 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Ding, R., Hase, Y., Burke, M., Foster, V., Stevenson, W., Polvikoski, T. M., & Kalaria, R. N. (2021) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-021-01230-6 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationHernández, H. G., Sandoval-Hernández, A. G., Garrido‐Gil, P., Labandeira-García, J. L., Zelaya, M. V., Bayón, G. F., Fernández, A. F., Fraga, M. F., Arboleda, G., & Arboleda, H. (2018) · Epigenomics · doi:10.2217/epi-2017-0160 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Pathogenesis and Treatment of Vascular Cognitive Impairment
Jellinger, K. A. (2014) · Neurodegenerative Disease Management · doi:10.2217/nmt.14.37 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Zhang, C., Yan, C., Ren, M., Li, A., Quan, T., Gong, H., & Yuan, J. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-14699-w · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Cui, M., You, T., Zhao, Y., Liu, R., Guan, Y., Liu, J., Liu, X., Wang, X., & Dong, Q. (2023) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1147860 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Pantsiou, K., Sfakianaki, O., Papaliagkas, V. T., Savvoulidou, D., Costa, V., Παπαντωνίου, Γ., & Μoraitou, D. (2018) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2018.00330 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Hase, Y., Ameen‐Ali, K. E., Waller, R., Simpson, J. E., Stafford, C., Mahesh, A., Ryan, L., Pickering, L., Bodman, C., Hase, M., et al. (2022) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/bpa.13101 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationSchaeffer, E. L., Catanozi, S., West, M. J., & Gattaz, W. F. (2016) · Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger · doi:10.1016/j.aanat.2016.10.002 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Jenkins, T. A. (2022) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-022-01475-y · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Olofsson, H. E., & Englund, E. M. (2019) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1111/nan.12552 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Nakaoku, Y., Oishi, N., Hase, Y., Hase, M., Saitô, S., Mitsueda, T., Matsui, M., Toyoda, Ḱ., Nagatsuka, K., Kalaria, R. N., et al. (2018) · Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2018.09.004 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationLin, X., Fan, Y., Zhang, F., & Yao, L. (2022) · International Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijbs.55419 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Vollhardt, A., Frölich, L., Stockbauer, A., Danek, A., Schmitz, C., & Wahl, A.-S. (2025) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2025.106845 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Neuronal densities and vascular pathology in the hippocampal formation in CADASIL
Yamamoto, Y., Hase, Y., Ihara, M., Khundakar, A. A., Roeber, S., Duering, M., & Kalaria, R. N. (2020) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.09.016 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationChen, H., Su, F., Ye, Q., Wang, Z., Shu, H., & Bai, F. (2018) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2018.00131 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Lee, J.-H., Hong, S.-M., & Shin, Y.-A. (2018) · Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation · doi:10.12965/jer.1836108.054 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Tang, X., Shi, J., Lin, S., He, Z., Cui, S., Di, W., Chen, S., Wu, J., Yuan, S., Ye, Q., et al. (2024) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.109695 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Load effect on what-where-when memory in younger and older adults
da Silva, J. S. C., Barbosa, F. F., da Fonsêca, É. K. G., Albuquerque, F. D. S., Cheke, L. G., & Fernández‐Calvo, B. (2019) · Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition · doi:10.1080/13825585.2019.1700207 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Vasculocentric Axonal NfH in Small Vessel Disease
Anad, A., Barker, M., Katanga, J., Arfanakis, K., Bridges, L., Esiri, M. M., Isaacs, J. D., Mihevc, S. P., Pereira, A. C., Schneider, J. A., et al. (2022) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/nlab134 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Pieruccini‐Faria, F., Cornish, B. F., Binns, M. A., Fraser, J., Haddad, S. M. H., Sunderland, K. M., Ramirez, J., Beaton, D., Kwan, D. T., Dilliott, A. A., et al. (2023) · Neurorehabilitation and neural repair · doi:10.1177/15459683231177606 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Yu, H., Zheng, B., Zhang, Y., Chu, M., Shu, X., Wang, X., Wang, H., Zhou, S., Cao, M., Wen, S., et al. (2024) · Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3233/nre-240068 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Imaging of the aging brain and development of MRI signal abnormalities
Chabriat, H., & Jouvent, É. (2020) · Revue Neurologique · doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2019.12.009 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Longstanding smoking associated with frontal brain lobe atrophy: a 32-year follow-up study in women
Johansson, L., Guo, X., Sacuiu, S. F., Fässberg, M. M., Kern, S., Zettergren, A., & Skoog, I. G. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-072803 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Yuan, J., Zhang, Y., Wu, W., Ma, W., & Wang, F. (2017) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.211196 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Neuronal substrate of cognitive impairment in post-stroke dementia
Deramecourt, V., & Pasquier, F. (2014) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awu188 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Structural and Functional Deficits in Patients with Poststroke Dementia: A Multimodal MRI Study
Cai, H., Zhao, Z., Ni, L., Han, G., Hu, X., Wu, D., Ding, X., & Wang, J. (2021) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2021/3536234 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Transcriptomic Profiling Reveals Discrete Poststroke Dementia Neuronal and Gliovascular Signatures
Waller, R., Hase, Y., Simpson, J. E., Heath, P. R., Wyles, M., Kalaria, R. N., & Wharton, S. B. (2022) · Translational Stroke Research · doi:10.1007/s12975-022-01038-z · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationIncident Dementia After Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Zhang, Z.-T., & Lim, M. J. R. (2024) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-240111 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Adav, S. S., & Sze, S. K. (2016) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/64693 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Jobson, D. D., Hase, Y., Walker, L., Polvikoski, T., Khundakar, A. A., Allan, L., & Kalaria, R. N. (2026) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.71151 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“14,33,37 Individual neuronal volumes (in µm 3 ) were estimated using the nucleatormethod, 38 wherebyanucleatorprobeispositionedcentrally within a nucleolus-containing cell.”
InfluentialSelf-citationStuckey, S. M., Hood, R. J., Ong, L. K., Bilecki, I. M., Collins‐Praino, L. E., & Turner, R. J. (2025) · Neuroprotection/Neuroprotection (Chichester, England. Print) · doi:10.1002/nep3.74 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Guo, L., Shi, Q., Chen, L., Dai, S., & Ju, Q. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-23146-9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Diagnosis and treatment of chronic cerebral ischemia (clinical discussion)
Zakharov, V. V., & Васильевна, В. Н. (2018) · Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council · doi:10.21518/2079-701x-2018-18-44-49 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Schizophrenia and frontotemporal dementia: distinct diseases with converging circuit dysfunctions
Casile, A., Sapienza, J., Vasciaveo, V., Barzon, B., Nasini, S., Guarato, G., Ave, C., Martini, F., Bosia, M., & Comai, S. (2026) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.04.003 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Comprehensive Update on Vascular Dementia: Types, Risk Factors and Management
Sahdev, A. K., Sethi, B., & Singh, A. (2018) · Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.35652/igjps.2018.4154 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Chen, X., Chen, L., Lin, G., Kodali, M. C., Li, M., Lebovitz, S. G., Ortyl, T. C., Li, L., Ismael, S., Singh, P., et al. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-563166/v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cardiovascular diseases and Alzheimer's disease: A potential relationship
Koutsouraki, E., & Michmizos, D. (2019) · Journal of Systems and Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.15761/jsin.1000208
Neuropathology of Alzheimer’s Disease and Vascular Dementia
Kapasi, A., & Schneider, J. A. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190634230.003.0015
Vascular Cognitive Impairment: Epidemiology, Definitions, Stroke-Associated Dementia, and Delirium
Lau, G. K. K., Pendlebury, S. T., & Rothwell, P. M. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316161609.032
Compartmentalization and Interaction of Pax5 and Pax6 in Brain of MicePreprint
Maurya, S. K., & Mishra, R. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1221413/v1
Assessment of Post Stroke Dementia in a Sizable, Well-Defined Stroke Cohort
Butt, M. A., Omar, A., Kousar, R., Tauseef, A., Masood, S., & Shabbir, T. (2022) · Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences · doi:10.53350/pjmhs22167729
Ding, R., Hase, Y., Burke, M., Foster, V., Stevenson, W., Polvikoski, T. M., & Kalaria, R. N. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.15094816
Self-citationDichgans, M., & Leys, D. (2017) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.116.308426 · Cited by 581 · see citing works
- Authors
- Foster, V., Oakley, A. E., Slade, J. Y., Hall, R., Polvikoski, T. M., Burke, M., Thomas, A. J., Khundakar, A., Allan, L. M., & Kalaria, R. N.
- Affiliations
- Newcastle University (GB)
- Venue
- Brain
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2014-06-28
- Volume
- 137
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 2509-2521
- ISSN
- 0006-8950 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2156
- OpenAlex
- W2160849356
- Cited by
- 62
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 3.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Brain (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Teesside University Research Portal (Teesside University) (submittedVersion)
- TeesRep (Teesside University) (submittedVersion)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council (G0400074, G0500247)
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre (BH111030)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- post-stroke dementia, vascular dementia, Alzheimer's disease, pyramidal neurons, neuronal volume, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, neurofilament proteins, neurodegeneration, executive dysfunction, brain atrophy, cognitive function, stereology, cell morphometry
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Alzheimer Disease, Female, Humans, Male, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Prospective Studies, Dementia, Vascular, Prefrontal Cortex, Pyramidal Cells
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
