The DOI matches its Crossref record; 110 of the 110 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Assessment of lesions on magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis: practical guidelines
Open accessAbstract
MRI has improved the diagnostic work-up of multiple sclerosis, but inappropriate image interpretation and application of MRI diagnostic criteria contribute to misdiagnosis. Some diseases, now recognized as conditions distinct from multiple sclerosis, may satisfy the MRI criteria for multiple sclerosis (e.g. neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, Susac syndrome), thus making the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis more challenging, especially if biomarker testing (such as serum anti-AQP4 antibodies) is not informative. Improvements in MRI technology contribute and promise to better define the typical features of multiple sclerosis lesions (e.g. juxtacortical and periventricular location, cortical involvement). Greater understanding of some key aspects of multiple sclerosis pathobiology has allowed the identification of characteristics more specific to multiple sclerosis (e.g. central vein sign, subpial demyelination and lesional rims), which are not included in the current multiple sclerosis diagnostic criteria. In this review, we provide the clinicians and researchers with a practical guide to enhance the proper recognition of multiple sclerosis lesions, including a thorough definition and illustration of typical MRI features, as well as a discussion of red flags suggestive of alternative diagnoses. We also discuss the possible place of emerging qualitative features of lesions which may become important in the near future.
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Cites
Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria
Thompson, A. J., Banwell, B. L., Barkhof, F., Carroll, W. M., Coetzee, T., Comi, G., Correale, J., Fazekas, F., Filippi, M., Freedman, M. S., et al. (2018) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(17)30470-2 · Cited by 8,167
Self-citationMcDonald, W. I., Compston, A., Edan, G., Goodkin, D., Hartung, H., Lublin, F. D., McFarland, H. F., Paty, D. W., Polman, C. H., Reingold, S. C., et al. (2001) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.1032 · Cited by 6,969
Self-citationWardlaw, J. M., Smith, E. E., Biessels, G. J., Cordonnier, C., Fazekas, F., Frayne, R., Lindley, R. I., O'Brien, J. T., Barkhof, F., Benavente, O. R., et al. (2013) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70124-8 · Cited by 5,544
Self-citationDiagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2005 revisions to the “McDonald Criteria”
Polman, C. H., Reingold, S. C., Edan, G., Filippi, M., Hartung, H., Kappos, L., Lublin, F. D., Metz, L. M., McFarland, H. F., O'Connor, P. W., et al. (2005) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.20703 · Cited by 5,017
Self-citationInternational consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders
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in cooperation with the Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS), Jarius, S., Ruprecht, K., Kleiter, I., Borisow, N., Asgari, N., Pitarokoili, K., Pache, F., Stich, O., Beume, L.-A., et al. (2016) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0718-0 · Cited by 899
Self-citationMRI criteria for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: MAGNIMS consensus guidelines
Filippi, M., Rocca, M. A., Ciccarelli, O., De Stefano, N., Evangelou, N., Kappos, L., Rovira, A., Sastre-Garriga, J., Tintorè, M., Frederiksen, J. L., et al. (2016) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00393-2 · Cited by 880
Self-citationSubpial Demyelination in the Cerebral Cortex of Multiple Sclerosis Patients
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Cited by
Wattjes, M. P., Ciccarelli, O., Reich, D. S., Banwell, B., de Stefano, N., Enzinger, C., Fazekas, F., Filippi, M., Frederiksen, J., Gasperini, C., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(21)00095-8 · Cited by 674
Self-citationDiagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2024 revisions of the McDonald criteria
Montalban, X., Lebrun-Frénay, C., Oh, J., Arrambide, G., Moccia, M., Pia Amato, M., Amezcua, L., Banwell, B., Bar-Or, A., Barkhof, F., et al. (2025) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(25)00270-4 · Cited by 551
Self-citationJarius, S., Paul, F., Weinshenker, B. G., Levy, M., Kim, H. J., & Wildemann, B. (2020) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-020-0214-9 · Cited by 478
Self-citationThe immunology of multiple sclerosis
Attfield, K. E., Jensen, L. T., Kaufmann, M., Friese, M. A., & Fugger, L. (2022) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-022-00718-z · Cited by 380
Sechi, E., Cacciaguerra, L., Chen, J. J., Mariotto, S., Fadda, G., Dinoto, A., Lopez-Chiriboga, A. S., Pittock, S. J., & Flanagan, E. P. (2022) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.885218 · Cited by 325
Metadata
- Authors
- Filippi, M., Preziosa, P., Banwell, B. L., Barkhof, F., Ciccarelli, O., De Stefano, N., Geurts, J. J. G., Paul, F., Reich, D. S., Toosy, A. T., Traboulsee, A., Wattjes, M. P., Yousry, T. A., Gass, A., Lubetzki, C., Weinshenker, B. G., & Rocca, M. A.
- Venue
- Brain
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2019-06-17
- Volume
- 142
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1858-1875
- ISSN
- 0006-8950 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2156
- OpenAlex
- W2951680115
- Cited by
- 560
- References
- 110
- FWCI
- 35.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
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- The paper
- Filippi, M., Preziosa, P., Banwell, B. L., Barkhof, F., Ciccarelli, O., De Stefano, N., Geurts, J. J. G., Paul, F., Reich, D. S., Toosy, A. T., Traboulsee, A., Wattjes, M. P., Yousry, T. A., Gass, A., Lubetzki, C., Weinshenker, B. G., & Rocca, M. A. (2019). Assessment of lesions on magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis: practical guidelines. Brain. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awz144
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