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Sex Differences in Brain Maturation during Childhood and Adolescence
Abstract
Brain development during childhood and adolescence is characterized by both progressive myelination and regressive pruning processes. However, sex differences in brain maturation remain poorly understood. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to examine the relationships between age and sex with cerebral gray and white matter volumes and corpus callosal areas in 118 healthy children and adolescents (61 males and 57 females), aged 6-17 years. Gender groups were similar on measures of age, handedness, socioeconomic status and Full Scale IQ. Significant age-related reductions in cerebral gray and increases in white matter volumes and corpus callosal areas were evident, while intracranial and cerebral volumes did not change significantly. Significant sex by age interactions were seen for cerebral gray and white matter volumes and corpus callosal areas. Specifically, males had more prominent age-related gray matter decreases and white matter volume and corpus callosal area increases compared with females. While these data are from a cross-sectional sample and need to be replicated in a longitudinal study, the findings suggest that there are age-related sex differences in brain maturational processes. The study of age-related sex differences in cerebral pruning and myelination may aid in understanding the mechanism of several developmental neuropsychiatric disorders.
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“To limit treatment‐related variability and inherent sex differences in brain development (De Bellis et al., 2001; Gur et al., 1999; Lange, Giedd, Castellanos, Vaituzis, & Rapoport, 1997; Kang, Herron, & Woods, 2011), while maximizing eligible participants, we restricted this study to males only.”
From Brain structure, working memory and response inhibition in childhood leukemia survivors (2017) · cites this paper as De Bellis et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“Firstly, sex is known to modulate brain development (De Bellis et al., 2001; Gur et al., 1999; Lange et al., 1997; Kang et al., 2011) so that manifestation of late effects at any given age may depend on sex (Anderson & Kunin‐Batson, 2009; Buizer, de Sonneville, van den Heuvel‐Eibrink, & Veerman, 2005).”
From Brain structure, working memory and response inhibition in childhood leukemia survivors (2017) · cites this paper as De Bellis et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“Sex differences in applying the model learned from one sex on another support multiple studies suggesting earlier maturation in females (De Bellis et al. 2001;Lenroot et al. 2007).”
From Imaging Patterns of Brain Development and their Relationship to Cognition (2015) · cites this paper as De Bellis et al. 2001
In the citing paper
“We validated the sensitivity of this index to the well-established sex difference in maturation, which is earlier in females (De Bellis et al. 2001;Lenroot et al. 2007), by applying the male predictors to the female sample and vice versa.”
From Imaging Patterns of Brain Development and their Relationship to Cognition (2015) · cites this paper as De Bellis et al. 2001
In the citing paper
“In addition to age, pubertal status and hormone titers significantly interact with sex to affect white matter volume in multiple tracts in the human brain, including those connecting higher association cortices (Asato et al., 2010; Chavarria et al., 2014; De Bellis et al., 2001; Herting et al., 2012; Peper et al., 2008; Perrin et al., 2008; Perrin et al., 2009).”
From Does puberty mark a transition in sensitive periods for plasticity in the associative neocortex? (2017) · cites this paper as De Bellis et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“When controlling for age, both pubertal hormones and stage of puberty correlate with changes in gray matter across adolescent development in disparate regions of cortex (De Bellis et al., 2001), including in the frontal cortex (Bramen et al., 2011; Gogtay et al., 2004; Herting et al., 2014; Herting et al., 2015; Koolschijn et al., 2014; Neufang et al., 2009; Peper et al., 2009a; Raznahan et al., 2”
From Does puberty mark a transition in sensitive periods for plasticity in the associative neocortex? (2017) · cites this paper as De Bellis et al., 2001
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“…of callosal area based on a single slice (i.e. the midsagittal slice), providing only an estimation of the size of the CC in two dimensions, rather than its actual measurement (Giedd et al., 1996, 1999; Rajapakse et al., 1996; Chung et al., 2001; De Bellis et al., 2001; Lenroot & Giedd, 2006).”
BackgroundBiochemical severity of thyroid ectopia in congenital hypothyroidism demonstrates sexual dimorphism
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“Males and females appear to have different propensities for cognitive motor skills, suggesting that there might be further variation in brain structure (23).”
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“Studies have shown that there are sex-related differences in brain volume with white matter volume increasing at a faster pace in males than females as a function of age (De Bellis, 2001; Lenroot et al., 2007).”
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The Role of Puberty in Human Adolescent Brain Development
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Imaging and the Corpus Callosum in Patients with Autism
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Habilidades Motrices en Niños de 6 a 13 Años del Colegio Meira Del Mar de Barranquilla
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“Niñas A 4 (3) 6 (5) 0 (0) P 7 (6) 24 (20) 1 (1)”
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Few sex differences in regional gray matter volume growth trajectories across early childhood
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“Sex differences in brain volumes have been widely reported in previous research ( Cosgrove et al., 2007; De Bellis et al., 2001; DeCasien et al., 2022; Gennatas et al., 2017; Giedd et al., 2012; Goldstein et al., 2001; Gur et al., 2002; Kaczkurkin et al., 2019; Lenroot & Giedd, 2010; Lenroot et…”
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Estrogen, Schizophrenia and Neurodevelopment
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Concussion in Youth Sport: Developmental Aspects
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“However, our results are in line with the majority of studies which did not show an effect of sex on IQ after treatment.(29,34,35,39,57,59,60,77,78)”
ResultWhat is the proper characterization of the alphabet? VII: Sleight of hand
Watt, W. C. (2015) · Semiotica · doi:10.1515/sem-2015-0064 · Cited by 5
Howsley, P., & Levita, L. (2017) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2017.03.001 · Cited by 5
Gender Differences in the Functional Organization of the Brain
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SEX DIFFERENCES AND THE EFFECTS OF SEX HORMONES ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE CORPUS CALLOSUM
Khan, I. (2012) · Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham) · Cited by 5
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“…et al., 2021; García-Segura, 2009; Schulz et al., 2016); furthermore, there is evidence that this maturation differs between males and females (De Bellis et al., 2001; Koss et al., 2014, 2015; Premachandran et al., 2020) and that the gonadal hormones P and E play a decisive role, because…”
Diez, A., Wang, S., Carfagnini, N., & MacDougall‐Shackleton, S. A. (2022) · Developmental Neurobiology · doi:10.1002/dneu.22900 · Cited by 3
“For example, human males have significantly larger volumes of white matter compared to females across different ages (Cerghet et al., 2009; De Bellis et al., 2001; Hua et al., 2009; Giedd, 2004; Goldstein et al., 2001; Gur et al., 1999; Perrin et al., 2008).”
BackgroundLaniel, J., Sultan, S., Sinnett, D., Laverdière, C., Krajinović, M., Robaey, P., Duong, L., & Lippé, S. (2024) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers16061208 · Cited by 4
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“Puberty is an important driver of these neural structural changes, especially in late maturing cortical and limbic regions, such as the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and amygdala, which are essential in emotion regulation (De Bellis et al., 2001; Powell, 2006; Sisk, 2017; Spear, 2000).”
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“…observed be-tween males and females (for a comprehensive review see Kaczkurkin et al., 2018), in brain size (Ball et al., 2012; Bramen et al., 2011; De Bellis et al., 2001; Luders et al., 2005; Ritchie et al., 2018; Ruigrok et al., 2014), cortical and subcortical volume (Allen et al., 2003;…”
X chromosome, estrogen, and brain development: implications for schizophrenia
Craig, M., Cutter, W. J., Norbury, R., & Murphy, D. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511735103.020 · Cited by 3
Assessing Relevance of External Cognitive Measures
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“It increases with age, slightly in girls and steeply in boys (De Bellis et al., 2001; Lenroot et al., 2007; Perrin et al., 2008).”
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“De Bellis et al. (2001) suggests that there are age related differences between boys and girls in cerebral development.”
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Clinical and radiological study of Iraqi multiple sclerosis patients with childhood onset
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Sex differences in psychosis: Normal or pathological?
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Differential cognitive development : a neuropsychological approach
Wassenberg, R. (2007) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20070706rw · Cited by 4
Koulukotiin sijoitettujen nuorten psykiatrinen oirekuva ja ennuste
Manninen, M. (2013) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja · Cited by 4
Die Rolle von Geschlecht und Gehirn bei Schizophrenie
Häfner, H. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-71628-0_18 · Cited by 4
The neural basis of puberty and
Sisk, A. L., & Foster, D. L. (2004) · Cited by 4
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Sex-Specific Molecular Architecture of Microglia-Mediated Neuronal Pruning Across the Human Lifespan
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Metadata
- Authors
- De Bellis, M. D.
- Venue
- Cerebral Cortex
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2001-06-01
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 552-557
- ISSN
- 1047-3211 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2199
- OpenAlex
- W2119268056
- Cited by
- 728
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 32
- FWCI
- 14.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cerebral Cortex (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1r03mh043687-01)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA08746-08, P50AA008746)
- National Institute of Mental Health (P01MH041712, MH-41712, K08MH001324, MH 01180, 5 K08 MHO1324-02, MH-43687, K02MH001180)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Keywords
- sex differences, brain maturation, brain development, childhood, adolescence, gray matter volume, white matter volume, corpus callosum, myelination, synaptic pruning, intracranial volume
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Brain, Child, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Myelin Sheath, Puberty, Sex Characteristics, Linear Models
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